44 M1DDLEMISS ! PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



Dikoli, the division between it and the conglomerates which stretch 

 away to R^mnagar is a fault, running nearly parallel to the Kosi, 

 and also to the sharp synclinal flexure which we have already 

 noticed. • 



The nature of the fault is not very well indicated ; but it seems 

 to be rather more of a horizontal displacement, or lateral shift (de- 

 crochement korisontal) than of a vertical fault. It may be that both 

 movements are combined. In the Chorp^ni s6t the fault appears to 

 have died out, and given place to a sharp bending of the strata in- 

 stead ; for there is a regular conformable junction of the Siwalik 

 conglomerate and the sand-rock, both of which are dipping 

 E.S.E. at high angles. The conglomerate is there seen, along 

 a very good exposure, to establish itself by degrees, the pebbles gra- 

 dually increasing in number and size, whilst the interbedded sandy 

 clay material becomes less prominent. As a fault of the above kind 

 is merely the ultimate result of a sharp bending of the strata, where- 

 by a tearing along the line of bending is produced, it is necessary 

 to be somewhat arbitrary in assigning exact limits to it. The general 

 meaning and result of the fault is clear however : whereas the con- 

 glomerate is next the plains at Rcimnagar, beds of the same horizon 

 west of the fault (or horizontal displacement) have been carried for- 

 ward in the crushing of the mountain mass to a great distance fur- 

 ther north, where they are now found forming the Gauriagani and 

 Karaungia ridge (S.E. of Chinal trig, station). Thus the beds west 

 of the fault are in a more inclined condition, constituting but one- 

 half of a great anticlinal, and having a uniform dip in one direction 

 (see section IV) ; whilst those to the east of the fault are thrown 

 into one or two undulations transverse to the great normal undula- 

 tion of the former. Elevation on the west side of the fault, and 

 depression on the east, would also help to bring about the same 

 result ; materially assisting the horizontal displacement, which I sup- 

 pose to have been the more prominent factor of the earth movement. 



North of Dikoli the valley of the Kosi closes in to a certain 

 extent, and its waters pour through steep high cliffs of warm 



( 102 ) 



