COUNTRY BETWEEN THE KOTAH AND PATLI DUNS. J 53 



Manddl R. the dips become 70 S.S.W. once more, indicating that a 

 synclinal has again been crossed. The last mentioned dip continues 

 up the Mandal R. as far as the Khakasgadi sot ; when the beds 

 become vertical once more, and then fall by degrees to 50 N.N.E. 

 at the main boundary fault, which coincides with the great turn 

 of the Manddl E.S.E. If we plot the dips, as in section V, and 

 add the flexures as shown by the dotted lines, we get a general 

 idea of the crushing to which the strata have been subjected. We 

 see that, whilst to the south near the Siwalik conglomerate there is 

 a wide synclinal with a rather flat southern limb, the ensuing anti- 

 clinal and synclinal to the north become much more closely packed 

 together, and finally inverted. This presumes more intense crushing 

 as the main boundary is reached. The strata north of the main 

 boundary fault are Himalayan rocks, quartzites, &c, which curiously 

 mimic in outward appearance the sandstone of the Nahan stage. An 

 inspection by eye alone would scarcely enable any one to pick out 

 the Nahan from the Himalayan rocks ; but when the hammer is 

 brought into play the great difference in the hardness and metamor- 

 phism makes the dissimilarity sufficiently conspicuous. 



If we follow along the Ramganga itself from the point where the 

 Mandal R. joins it, we have much the same sort of thing, namely, 

 steep reversed dips in the Nahans and a reversed fault separating them 

 from the Himalayan rocks. The latter, however, a little way from the 

 fault, shew much more evident signs of crushing than the Nahans ; so 

 that we have a still closer set of folds than before. 



In concluding the description of this part of the Sub-Himalayan 

 zone between the Kotah and P3tli duns, it is necessary once more to 

 draw particular attention to the distinctive characteristics of the three 

 sets of rocks composing it. The Siwalik conglomerate does not form 

 the same flat plateaux that we found it to do in the Kotah dun, but it 

 has a marked though gentle inclination to the north. Nevertheless, 

 it is still free from complications, such as folding inversions, &c. The 

 same remarks apply to the rocks of the Middle Siwalik stage : only 

 near the plainward edge of the hills do they even acquire an angle of 



( m ) 



