90 MIDDLEMISS: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



The Ganges, which flows along the western boundary of this portion 

 of the country, marks the beginning of the Dehra 

 Dun (48). The country here described is indeed 

 structurally the termination of that dun. The same formations are 

 found on both sides of the river, but in the ChcLndi hills, and the part west 

 of the Mitawala s6t, they shew a little more disturbance as they near 

 the north and south fault which divides them from the Nahans. The 

 Ganges at this place possesses a very wide river-bed of glistening 

 white pebbles, cut into many channels, the water of which is artifici- 

 ally turned along certain courses for the purpose of feeding the great 

 Ganges canal, the head works of which are at Hardwar. Hardwar is 

 a well-known sacred bathing-place of the Hindus, full of small brick 

 and stucco temples with their bathing gha'ts facing the sacred waters. 

 At certain times of the year the place is thronged with multitudes 

 from all the surrounding parts of India, who attend the great fairs 

 and for the purpose of dipping in the stream. But besides this, the 

 Ganges valley at this point is the focus to which all going to the still 

 more sacred fanes of Badrindth and Kedarndth must trend. During 

 the warmer months of the year, the dusty roads are trodden by a con- 

 tinuous stream of pilgrims, chiefly old men and women ; who with 

 their scanty savings, and a stout staff in their hands, make their way 

 laboriously up stream with wonderful patience, that they may reach 

 those snowy slopes and glaciers 12,000 ft. above the sea, the birth- 

 place of the Ganges, before they die. 



The following sections will illustrate the geology of this area. . 



This stream emerges from the low Chcindi Hills near Kcingri. 



Ascending it from that village, we first strike 

 Sidwdla sot. (49) & & 



sand-rock dipping 70 S.W. This high dip gra- 

 dually drops to 40 in that direction, a mile further up stream. There 

 is then a normal anticlinal with beds on the north side dipping 20 

 N. E. This continues for two miles, sometimes increasing in amount 

 to 30 or 35 . The Siwalik conglomerate then comes in, so far as I 

 could judge, by interbedding with the sand-rock. The pebbles are at 

 first small and sparingly dotted about in a sandy or loamy matrix, 



( 148 ) 



