96 MIDDLEMISS : PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



of the river ; those on the west side are all a little further to the 

 north-east. This expresses the break along the Ganges fault. But it 

 also shews that simple upheaval and depression on one or other side 

 is incompetent to produce the shifting. Apparent lateral shifting of 

 beds may be produced by a vertical upheaval or depression if the 

 strata are inclined in one direction only ; but a series of undulations 

 of anticlinals and synclinals can only be laterally shifted by a horizon- 

 tal displacement. I am led, therefore, to the conclusion that the Gan- 

 ges fault, like most of the cross-faults that I have seen in the Sub- 

 Himalaya, arises from a horizontal displacement (decrochement hori- 

 zontal). The bending round of the strike towards the line of rupture 

 is manifestly part of the same movement: the bending was the 

 precursor of the breaking. 



The opposite dips on each side of the Ganges at Hardwar are 

 (owing to this bending) not entirely due to the fault, but also in part 

 to deceptive appearances ; denudation having carried away most of 

 the south-west half of the normal anticlinal near Cha*ndi Pahar, and 

 left it intact at Hardwar. The Bhimgoda 1 fault must have been a 

 relief in part to the more energetic horizontal moving of the strata 

 west of the Ganges. It, therefore, lessened the ultimate horizontal 

 shifting, by retarding the movement of the Bhimgoda anticlinal in a 

 north-easterly direction. 



Mr. Oldham mentions 2 that at Raiwcila the conglomerates on the 

 west side of the river are opposed by the sand-rock on the east side. 

 I think this must be a mistake, as I found nothing but conglomerate 

 on both sides, as the map will show, until Rhikikes is reached. I con- 

 nect the exposure there with the exposure in the Bheng, and with 

 the long outcrop of the same running to the head of the Mundhal R. 

 parallel with the north and south fault. 



The horizontal section No. IX will be found to illustrate the 

 general structure of this portion of the country. 



'See Mem, G. S. I., Ill, p. 123. 

 2 Rec. G. S. I., XVII, p. 166. 



( 154 ) 



