100 M1DDLEMISS: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



5,000 feet ; and question within himself whether there is not some- 

 thing wrong about these great thicknesses. The stern logic of facts ? 

 however, must compel him sooner or later to see in the strata expos- 

 ed from K£thgod3m to R£nib3gh nothing but a gradually ascending 

 series of Miocene or Pliocene ages, from nearly vertical beds much 

 jointed and hardened, to softer beds near the top of the Nahan stage, 

 dipping 65 N.N.W. near Amratpur. Not only is there a strong 

 individuality in the rock, a general likeness throughout the section 

 to warrant this belief, but it may be mentioned that specimens of fossil 

 leaves have been obtained from the Nahan sandstone of this river and 

 from that of the Nandhaur R. 1 which from their form and venation are 

 seen to be angiospermous exogens, differing in no important points from 

 those constituting the foliage of many trees living at the present day. 

 Ascending from Rcinibagh along the bed of the G61a R., a very in- 

 Main boundary near teresting assemblage of rocks is observed in the 

 Amratpur. neighbourhood of Amratpur, and one which has 



been wrongly interpreted by General Strachey. 2 I have stated that, 

 if the lateral wrench of the strata along the Balia N. had not taken 

 place, the main boundary would have passed much further to the 

 north of its present position near Amratpur. It was this break of 

 continuity in the line of the main boundary, together with the pre- 

 sence of trap and granite apparently detruded south where the 

 break occurs, that must have led General Strachey to regard the 

 igneous rocks as intruded among the Tertiary strata, and therefore as 

 being of Post-or younger Tertiary age themselves. With the good 

 maps available to-day, and the systematic geological surveying of the 

 area continuously from one point to another, a different light was at 

 once thrown on the subject, which is really of vital importance in 

 connection with the geological history of the Himalaya. In the first 

 place, it must be understood that these traps exposed along the road 

 from Bhim Tdl to Rcinibcigh are not intrusive dykes, but consolidated 



1 Many good specimens have been obtained by Mr. Dhoarty whilst excavating for 

 t he canal at Chorgalia. 



a Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 185 1, Vol. VII, p 296. 



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