COUNTRY BETWEEN KOTAH DUN AND NEPAL. 105 



and loams, slightly coherent, the inter-bedded concretionary layers 

 standing out in the cliff sections, as also the clay beds and fine con- 

 glomerates, are as typically shewn here as anywhere in the western 

 area near the Ganges ; so that there is no mistaking them for anything 

 else. They dip steeply at from 55 to 50 N. N. W., and at Bhut 

 Bhera they change into the Siwalik conglomerate by a gradual inter- 

 bedding. The Siwalik conglomerate, however, has but a short career. 

 Its exposure is less than J mile across in this stream, and its lie is 

 that of an easy synclinal, with low flat dips at the position of the 

 axis. To the north its beds steepen, and the sand-rock then follows 

 in normal order dipping 50 S. S. E. The E. S. E. strike involved in 

 this dip, and the E. N. E. strike of the beds on the south side of the 

 synclinal axis, if produced, meet about J mile to the east ; so that the 

 Siwalik conglomerate in that direction comes to an end. A curious 

 case of pebble distortion in the conglomerate exposed here has been 

 recently described by me 1 . It is not a mere flattening out of the 

 pebbles against one another, but a crushing of one set over another 

 set ; so that they have been first powdered in situ (but in such a way 

 as not to destroy the general structure of the pebbles, be they granite, 

 trap or quartzite) and then drawn out along one line, either into fine 

 thread-like processes, or into puckered or undulating layers like the 

 mineral layers of a foliated rock. The sand-rock to the north of the 

 conglomerate, through a short space of less than \ mile, increases in 

 dip to the vertical, and then becomes inverted. Typical Nahans of 

 very low horizon then come in suddenly, the thinness of the sand-rock 

 on this side of the synclinal and the absence of passage beds into 

 the Nahans shewing only too plainly the presence of a reversed fault 

 between the two. In the sand-rock near the reversed fault, there 

 are not wanting signs that more than one line of thrusting is present, 

 and it seems extremely probable that a great many of the reversed 

 faults in this Sub-Himalayan region are but seldom a single clean-cut 

 fracture, and are rather a number of closely packed tears, all parallel 

 to one another. 



1 Rec. G. S. I. Vol. XXII, pp. 68. 



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