12 DIENER : GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF CHITICHUN. 



ispis } Gymnitcs ugra) is counterbalanced by the presence of 



forms (Proc/adiscifes t Sturia), which regarding their zoological 

 character point to a higher stage of the Dinarian series. 



Having described so far the structure of the Chitichun region, 

 there remains the discussion of the difficult question whether the 

 peculiar limestone-crags of this district do really correspond in their 

 main characters to the structural features, known as " Klippen" in 

 European geological literature. Before entering into this discussion 

 a short analysis of the most remarkable types of Alpine and Carpa- 

 thian Klippen must be given. 



In the Carpathians and in the Alps of Switzerland the name 

 u Klippen " was originally applied to isolated crags or outcrops, 

 mostly of Jurassic limestones, rising out of the surrounding flysch. 

 The crags and the sandstones, in which these crags appear to 

 be imbedded, lie, as a rule, quite unconformably to each other, 

 but in many instances no unconformity can be observed between 

 them. 



Beyrich 1 was the first to prove the independence of the Carpa- 

 thian Klippen of the surrounding belt of sandstones. E. v«on Moj- 

 sisovics 2 demonstrated the structural individuality of each separate 

 crag. Paul 3 believed the different ranges of Klippen to correspond 

 to anticlinal folds. Neumayr 4 gave the following definition of the 

 Carpathian Klippen (more precisely of the Piennine chain). 



"The Carpathian Klippen are the fragments and remains of a 

 crushed anticlinal, which have been forced by pressure unconform- 

 ably through and into younger, originally overlying, strata in the 

 shape of blocks, or of upturned edges of strata shorn off from the 

 original rocks in situ." 



i E. Beyrich— Ueber die Entwicklung des Flotzgebirges in Schlesien, Karsten's Archiv 

 XVIII, 1844, PP. 1-86. 



2 Verhandl. K. Geolog. Reichs-Anst. 1867 p, 213. 



3 C. M. Paul— Die nordliche Arva, Jahrb. Kk Geol. Reichs-Anst. XVIII, 1868, pp, 

 201-247. 



4 M. Neumayr — Jahrb. Kk Geol. Reichs-Anst., XXI, 1871, p. 526. 



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