POINTS OF ANALOGY. 21 



explanation of the latter as true KHppen (in a structural sense), 

 or as lambeaux de receuvrement. As has been pointed out by 

 Griesbach, this change of the lithological character of the rocks in 

 these two separate regions can easily be accounted for by the 

 appurtenance of the crags to a sedimentary zone which was more 

 distant from the ancient coast-line of the Gondwana continent 

 {peninsular area of India) during the permian and triassic epochs. 1 

 There is consequently nothing astonishing in the fact, that in the 

 Chitichun area a change in the development of sediments is met 

 with, both paiaeontologically and lithologically. 



As a direct structural connection between the Tibetan crags and 

 the neighbouring folds of the Himalayan system has not been ob- 

 served, these crags cannot be explained as the fragments of crushed 

 anticlinals. The theory advanced by Paul and developed more fully 

 by Neumayr for the explanation of the origin of the Carpathian 

 Klippen of the Piennine typs is therefore not admissible. Nor are 

 we justified in considering the crags of Chitichun as the relics of an 

 older mountain range, as the Piennine Klippen to the north of the 

 Ta*tra have been proved to be by Stache and Uhlig, seeing that 

 littoral deposits of the character of the Carpathian " Klippenhiille ,J 

 are absent in their vicinity. In the Spiti shales of the vicinity of 

 Chitichun No. I at least, which was more closely examined during 

 our visit to this part of the Himalayas, we failed to discover any 

 similar deposits pointing to the existence of a Jurassic coast-line 

 within the Chitichun region. 



Regarding the differences which exist between the Tibetan crags 

 and the Carpathian Klippen of the Piennine type, the question might 



i The difference in the development of the upper-triassic strata of the Himalayas and the 

 Salt Range is explained in a similar manner. The geographical position of the Salt Range is 

 an intermediate one between the Gondwana continent in the south and the pelagic area of 

 the Himalayan system in the north. Waagen and E. v. Mojsisovics justlv compared its posi- 

 tion to that of the German triassic basin between the Atlantic continent and the Alpine 

 region (E. v, Mojsisovics, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der obertriadischen Cephalopoden-Faunen 

 des Himalaya, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. math. nat. CI. LXIII. 1896, p. 689). 



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