INTRODUCTION. 3 



country is clearly explained. To others again who seek for informa- 

 tion about the more useful minerals, I can only say that the outlook 

 is not encouraging. The connection between mountains and mineral 

 wealth has by long experience been shewn, so far as the Himalaya 

 are concerned, to be an unnecessary relation; and the case of the 

 Hazara mountains, whose rock-foundations are similar, if not identical, 

 seems to be the same ; whilst even were it not so, a few high hill 

 ranges, deep valleys, and capricious torrents are a greater obstacle to 

 the development of a coal or iron industry than hundreds of leagues 

 of ocean or miles of plain, in these days of rapid international com- 

 munication. The little there is to say about the coal and iron of the 

 district will be found in the appendix, page 286. 



Happily towards the close of this nineteenth century it is becom- 

 ing less necessary for scientific research to shew an immediate harvest 

 material gain, by way of justifying its existence. On the principle that 

 we never know when abstract knowledge may become of practical 

 use, pure geological surveying, to fill in the blank spaces on the map 

 of India, is now receiving all necessary encouragement from influen- 

 tial quarters. 



As a small contribution to the further knowledge of the structure 

 of the earth's crust along the fringe of a great mountain system, 

 and as a link between the geological descriptions of the Rawalpindi 

 and Jhelum districts and that of Kashmir, the present work is issued 

 in the hope that it may be of some interest to the scientific reader. 



Dr. King, late Director of the Geological Survey of India, first 



introduced me to the geology of this frontier 

 Working parties. ...... ,, ro ttij 



Seasons. district in the summer of 1890. He had occa- 



sion to pay a visit here during his annual tour of 

 inspection in order to decide on the course to be adopted with regard 

 to the coal of the Dore river. As I was in the Punjab (Salt-Range) 

 at the time, he took me with him, and subsequently left the further 

 investigation of the same in my hands. This occupied most of the 

 hot weather and rainy season of 1890. The cold weather of 1890-91 

 I spent alone in Hazara, until the Black Mountain campaign, which 

 B 2 ( 3 ) 



