INTRODUCTION. 5 



damage to land and property caused ; the railway was breached by the 

 Haro river near Hassan Abdal ; the Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts 

 were deeply flooded ; there were landslips at Murree and on the 

 " gulee " roads, and great loss of life to man and beast. 



It will be gathered from the above that besides the ordinary diffi- 

 culties of surveying in a mountainous tract my party were often sub- 

 jected to the unusual discomforts and annoyances of a capricious 

 climate, which on two or three occasions, wind and rain combining, left 

 nothing standing in camp, and converted our tents into soiled and 

 limp rags spread in confusion on the ground, among the tangled 

 ropes of which and in the darkness and hurricane we were con- 

 strained to keep a dismal watch. 



The maps used for work in the field were those of the Revenue 



Survey on the scale of i inch=i mile for the dis- 

 Maps, section, &c . a 



tnct of Hazara. In the Black Mountain a map 



on the scale of £ inch=i mile was alone available. The geologically 

 coloured map of Hazara, accompanying this Memoir, is on the scale of 

 |- inch = i mile, and has been specially reduced for this Memoir by 

 photozincography from the i inch=i mile maps. The horizontal sec- 

 tions are drawn on the scale of 4 inches =i mile (horizontally and 

 vertically). In their construction the heights marked on the map 

 have been taken wherever possible. As these, however, are not so 

 numerous as one could wish, I had to supplement them by taking 

 angles to known points and working out approximate results. Details 

 of the hill outlines in the sections are either taken from pocket-book 

 sections drawn by hand, or from outline sketches made with the 

 camera lucida. In the sections the thicknesses of the forma- 

 tions must be taken as only approximate in the case of the larger 

 formations. It is manifestly impossible, in a country so much disturbed 

 a nd cut through by fold-faults, to make tape measurements, or any 

 other closely accurate estimation of thicknesses. I have en- 

 deavoured, however, to indicate the probable limits of error in 

 the approximations given. The plates and panorama views are 

 introduced to give the reader some notion of the surface 



( 5 ) 



