8 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



Middlemiss, " Preliminary note on the coal seam of the Dore Ravine, Hazara." 



Rec. G. S. of I., Vol. XXIII, pt. 4, 1890. 

 The more important papers, or those bearing more directly on the subject of 



this Memoir, are marked thus *. 



My thanks are due in the first place to my fellow-workers 

 Mr. W. B. D. Edwards and Lala Hira Lab 



Obligations. r 1 , 1 r , • • 1 ,- . , 



for much helpful assistance in the field, and for 



their cheerful furtherance of my plans. To the district officers and 



forest officers of Hazara I have also to express my great obligation 



and especially to Mr. F. D. Cunningham, C.S., CLE., at that time 



Deputy Commissioner of Hazara, who was often able to give me much 



help in the more out-of-the-way parts of the country. To commanding 



officers and others during the Black Mountain expedition I also tend 



my thanks for escorts and other assistance. For suggestions and help 



with my collections of fossils and rocks I am much indebted to 



Mr. Griesbach, Director, and to Dp Noetling and Mr. Holland, of the 



Geological Survey. 



Chapter II. — Stratigraphical Elements. 

 General. 



It is usual in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey to begin the 

 description of a country with some remarks on the surface features, 

 physical geography, etc. if I seem to be departing from a good old 

 rule here, it is for the reason that all particulars, such as cannot be 

 gathered from an inspection of the map, will more consistently find 

 a place in the following chapters, when I come to describe in detail 

 the geology of each of the zones, or strike areas, into which I shall 

 find it expedient to divide up the country. This seems the more 

 desirable inasmuch as the very varied aspects of the country are 

 so indissolubly connected with the geological components of the 

 zones, that the former would be bare and meaningless if presented 

 without their structural raisons cCetre. 



I may remark, however, that Hazara is a strip of generally mount- 

 ainous country, bounded on the south by the Rawalpindi plateau, 

 on the north by the little-known mountainous country belonging 

 ( 8 ) 



