STRATIGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS : GENERAL. 9 



to a number of warlike, independent hill clans, on the west by the 

 Indus river, and on the east by Kashmir, with the Jhelum river below 

 Domel as the line of demarcation. 



Structurally, and therefore geologically, it connects the Rawal- 

 pindi and Jhelum districts (which embrace the Salt-Range) with the 

 territory of Kashmir ; all of which have been geologically described 

 in considerable detail by former members of the Geological Survey of 

 India (see list of authors and works in the Introduction). 



The table which follows shows the stratigraphical elements or 

 formations which take part in the Geological Record of Hazara, 

 arranged chronologically : — 



Table of formations in Hazara {in descending order). 

 Historical Rocks. 

 VlW.—Murreebeds. . . Miocene . 

 VW.—Kuldana beds (passage) . * ' I Tertiary ' 



VI.— Nummulitic series . Eocene 



V.— Middle Cretaceous = Chalk Marl and U 



Greensand = Cenomanian 



> Mesozoic 

 IV, — Jurassic .«...• 



III.— Triassic 



II.— Inira-Triassic=Carboniferous or . Carbo . 



_, . /ox £ Paleozoic and pro- 



Permian(P) V bably older. 



I.— Slate series . Age unknown . . .) 



Crystalline and Metamorphic Rocks. 

 b.^TanoV . . . Infra-Triassic in the main \ 



a. Crystalline schists . . Equivalents of I and II f 



v Palaeozoic or 

 above in the main, r older. 



x. Intrusive gneissose-granite . • . . . A 



y. Intrusive dyke rocks / 



From the above table the youngest Tertiary, or Siwalik formation, 

 Pliocene, is absent, as it does not occur in Hazara, although it is well 

 developed towards the south in the Rawalpindi plateau. From the 

 Murree beds to the Jurassics the Geological Record in Hazara is fairly 

 complete, save that Upper Cretaceous rocks (if represented) are 

 not marked by any fossil zone ; and that the Jurassics, if lithological 

 identity with other parts of India is disallowed as evidence, cannot 

 be subdivided more closely into life-zones. 



( 9 ) 



