20 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



of Hazara on the one hand, and the Carboniferous Boulder-bed of 

 the Salt-Rancre on the other : — 



Hanaro.. 

 (i) The conglomerate is coincident with a 

 great unconformity. 



(2) The pebbles are sub-angular, and vary 



in size from great masses to small 

 pebbles, coarser below and finer 

 above. 



(3) There are no ice scratches or facets 



visible on the pebbles. 



(4) The conglomerate is a stratified deposit, 



and passes up into a purple sand- 

 stone. 



(5) The pebbles consist entirely of local 

 rocks belonging to the Slate series, 

 which must have been exposed at 

 the time. 



(6) There is no other conglomerate of the 

 kind exposed at any other horizon 

 among the sedimentary rocks of 

 Hazara. 



Salt-Range. 

 (1^ The Boulder-bed marks a line of great 

 overlap and slight unconformity. 



(2) The boulders are sub-angular, and vary 



in size in the same degree as those 

 of the Hazara conglomerate. 



(3) Ice scratchings, polishings, and facet- 



tings are common on the boulders. 



(4) The Boulder-bed, though jumbled and 



chaotic at the bottom, becomes inter- 

 stratified with and finally passes up 

 into a pinkish sandstone, the Spec- 

 kled Sandstone of Wynne. 



(5) Although local fragments of rock, e.g., 



Salt-pseudomorph bed, Dolomitic 

 Sandstone, Purple Sandstone, are 

 present, the boulders are chiefly com- 

 posed of foreign crystalline and 

 metamorphic rocks, evidently trans- 

 ported from afar and probably from 

 peninsular India. 1 



(6) No other boulder-bed or conglomerate 



exposed at any horizon among the 

 Salt-Range sedimentaries, except the 

 insignificant one at the base of the 

 Nahan stage (miocene). 



Comparing these two analyses of the respective formations, we 

 ave points (1), (2), (4), and (6) in which they agree, and points (3) 

 and (5) in which the Boulder-bed exhibits a character which is want- 

 ing in the Hazara conglomerate : a character indicating the agency 

 of transporting ice in some form, most probably that of glaciers. It 

 may be noted, however, that if we were to add scratches, striae, 

 polishing, and facetting to the components of the Hazara conglo- 

 merate, it would at once become a " boulder-bed, " so like are its 

 other less important characteristics to one; whilst if we neglect those 

 markings on the pebbles of the Salt-Range Boulder-bed, it at once 



1 See Middlemiss, Rcc. G. S. of I., Vol. XXV., pt. 1, 1892. 

 20 ) 



