STRATIGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS: NUMMULITIC. 41 



having been squeezed the one into the other. For the same reason 

 the thickness of the carbonaceous band varies greatly. In very many 

 places and over wide areas it is not known to exist at all, so far as 

 the surface outcrops can tell us anything, although the variegated 

 sandstone band is: present. In other places a mere smudge of car- 

 bonaceous material on the hill-side has led to its being found some 

 few yards into the hill in a bed of several feet thickness. The thickest 

 known section is at Begarmal on the ridge south-east of Juswal, 

 where 17 feet of coal and carbonaceous clay have been exposed. 



In the appendix, p. 288, I give further details about the coal 

 considered from an economic point of view. 



As regards its horizon, I have little doubt that it is homotaxial 

 with the coal of the Salt-Range, which is also found at the base of 

 the Nummulitic limestone. 



(3) Well-bedded massive Nummulitic limestone. 



This rock is always slightly concretionary, generally black-hearted 



and of fcetid smell when freshly broken. It 



weathers into dark grey or pale grey colours at 



the surface. Nummulites and other foraminifera, generally of very 



small dimensions, not exceeding that of a grain of oats or barley, may 



be seen in the rock in swarms or colonies, and generally following 



round the imperfectly-formed concretions. Along the southern edge 



of Hazara this limestone is more markedly concretionary, and more 



nearly approaches in appearance that of the Salt-Range. 



The hill near Hassan Abdal, though outside the district of Hazara, is 



interesting for the occurrence of a zone of Echino- 

 Echinolampas zone. . 



lampas sp., the fossils being very numerous in a 



layer 3 feet thick coming above the variegated sandstone stage ; and 



with a bed 10 feet thick between them of thin-bedded limestones, marls, 



and shales of an ochre colour and full of gastropods and bivalves. 



{4) Shales, marls, and concretionary and nodular limestone. 

 This upper part of the great Nummulitic formation is very 

 distinctly more shaley as a whole than the lower part, whilst the 



( 4i ) 



