44 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



With the sandstone, which is the most prominent member, there 

 occur beds of deep purple shales or clays, also pseudo- or clay-con- 

 glomerates, as in the Kuldana beds into which they pass. 



It will be readily seen that we have in Hazara just the outer 

 fringe of this great member of a mighty formation. 



(IX) Recent. 



So far as is known to me there are no rocks of Siwalik age in 



No Pliocene in Ha- Hazara. None of the valleys or plains any- 



zara - where exhibit an older set of compacted and 



disturbed conglomerates or other deposits unconformably covered by 



the modern alluvium and gravel terraces. 



The latter, however, are a very marked feature in Hazara, inas- 

 much as they fill broad valleys, such as the 

 Hureepoor plain, the Dore valley, the Abbotta- 

 bad plain, the Mansehruh plain, etc., not with a thin light covering, but 

 to a depth which must often exceed 300 feet. Besides being found 

 in the larger valleys and plains, the same gravels can be followed for 

 long distances up the main rivers, such as the Dore and the Haro 

 rivers and their tributaries. In such places they are often a mere 

 remnant, left plastered as it were at different heights on the slopes 

 above the present drainage, or sticking out bracket-wise at intervals 

 from ravine sides, and planted with villages. These small continua- 

 tions of the gravels could not be represented on the map without 

 giving it a patchy appearance and interfering with the delineation of 

 the solid geology ; but the reader must be pleased to understand 

 that all the stream-beds and gorges, besides being filled with stones 

 along their actual beds, possess high-level gravels up to a certain 

 height and in varying proportions. Near Ghazi, on the Indus, the 

 height of the gravel plateau above sea-level is 1,100 feet, near Turbela 

 it is from 1,200 to 1,500 feet, at Hureepoor 1,600 feet, at Sooltanpoor, 

 on the Dore, 2,800 feet, at Rujoeeuh about 3,000 feet, at Nuwan- 

 shuhr 3,900 feet, at Abbottabad 4,100 feet, at Mansehruh 3,000 

 feet, and so on. The larger plains lie generally at different heights 



( 44 ) 



