STRATIGRAPH1CAL ELEMENTS : RECENT. 45 



between 1,000 and 4,000 feet; but up the smaller rivers and their 

 tributary gorges the recent gravels may extend 1,000 feet higher. 



It should be noticed that between the 1,000 feet level of the 

 gravel terraces at Turbela and the 4,000 feet level of Abbottabad 

 there is a gradual ascent along the Dore as far as Dhumtour, and 

 then by the Jub. N. to Abbottabad. The average gradient of this 

 slope between Turbela and Hureepoor is 1 in 132, between Huree- 

 poor and Sooltanpoor 1 in 66, between Sooltanpoor and Abbottabad 

 1 in 59 (taken along the Dore and Jub. N.) and 1 in 30 (taken 

 along the Sulhud N.). The Recent deposits of Hazara are in fact all 

 linked together, and their levels, along any river course from below 

 upwards, or from a larger river up gradually diminishing tributary 

 streams and torrents, may be represented by a curve, convex towards 

 the sky, and of increasing steepness towards the higher levels. Such 

 an arrangement is in accordance with normal fluviatile deposition, 

 and no lake basins are required to explain such recent deposits of 

 gravel and alluvium. 



The only old moraine (indicating the agency of ice) that I have 



seen in the lower parts of Hazara occurs at a 



Glacial moraines. ■ *«-*.* c L /- 1 -kk • i\. 



level of about 6,000 feet at Gool Maira, in the 



Koonhar valley. Doubtless many occur above this up the valleys 

 leading down from Khagan, but I have not visited them. 



The subject of " erratics" in the Punjab provoked a little word- 

 fencing between Mr. Wynne and Mr. Theobald 

 Erratics. . J 



(see papers in list of authors, page 7) about 



15 years ago. Whilst Mr. Wynne named as erratic any displaced 

 mass or boulder of foreign rocks whose means of transit appeared 

 abnormal, Mr. Theobald confined the term to rocks in such posi- 

 tions as would entitle them a priori to a glacial origin, or at least to 

 having been transported by ice in some form. In his paper on the 

 occurrence of erratics in the Potwar, 1 i.e. the plain south of Hazara 

 bordering the Indus and Sohan rivers up to the Salt-Range, Mr. 

 Theobald describes a number of huge blocks of crystalline granitoid 

 gneiss, scattered about and imbedded in thin silt mostly near Jhand ; 

 1 Rec. G. S. of I., Vol. X, pt. 3, 1877. 



( 45 ) 



