46 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



whilst others were described by Major Vicary 1 between Hassan 

 Abdal and Attock. Mr. Wynne lias remarked on others in the bed 

 of the Indus near Turbela and along the Sirun river (Hazara). Those 

 on the Sirun and Indus rivers I shall shew later on to be by no means 

 displaced blocks, but to be actual outcrops (or quite close to actual 

 outcrops) of the gneissose-granite of Hazara. As regards those of 

 the Potwar, having never seen them, I am, perhaps, hardly entitled to 

 an opinion ; so I will merely content myself by drawing attention to 

 the fact insisted on by Theobald regarding the Jhand erratics — that 

 they occur in lines running E.N.E. and W.S.W. He interprets this 

 as due to disposition by ice; but I would ask why, considering 

 this is the normal strike of the country, they should not be similarly 

 due to blocks weathered out nearly in situ from a ridge of crystalline 

 rocks covered sparingly by, or protruding through, the Upper Tertiary 

 sandstones ? 



As regards the erratics mentioned by Wynne south of the Salt- 

 Range, I think there can be no doubt, that they were derived from the 

 Salt-Range boulder-bed, whence they have simply subsided down hill. 

 Having seen a good deal of glaciers and ice work in the higher 

 Himalaya, and having likewise worked over the Sub-Himalaya and 

 Outer Himalaya through a large tract, I am bound to say that no 

 reliable traces of glaciers at low levels (say below 5,000 or 6,000 feet) 

 have ever come before my notice. 



I regret very much that I never saw the Potwar erratics (so 

 called) and I would commend the study of them from the stand- 

 point I have indicated to any future geologist who is in the neigh- 

 bourhood. 



Crystalline and Metamorphic Rocks. 

 General Remarks. 

 The northern half of Hazara, the wild glens of the Black Mountain, 

 and apparently most of the little-known country 



Occur in the northern wn ich stretches away further to the north into 

 parts of Hazara. , J -^ 



the higher snow-clad ranges of the Hindu- 



1 Quart. Journ. Geol.. Soc, Lond., Vol. VII, 1851. 



( 46 ) 



