STRATIGRAPHICAL ELEMENTS: CRYSTALLINES, ETC. 5 1 



extremely well marked, thus gradually forming a passage to the 



clink stone described," etc., etc. 



Turning now to the evidence which I shall myself offer regarding 



this crystalline complex, it must be understood 

 My own evidence. _ , . 



that the general results of penological research, 



no less than the special knowledge gained since Mr. Wynne's day 



in other parts of the Himalaya, prepared me for finding much, if not 



all, of this gneissose rock to be a granite which has undergone a 



subsequent foliation. Although I hope to present clear proof of this 



in the course of this and subsequent chapters, sufficient at least to 



evade the charge of putting new wine into old bottles, yet in the main 



my observations agree with Wynne's, and my task is rather that of 



applying a more modern interpretation to those observations, and one 



which I have little doubt Mr. Wynne would have himself applied had 



he been working there with our present knowledge. 



The following rough grouping of these rocks is adopted for 



simplifying the description of them : — 



(i) Slightly schistose rocks, the metamorphic representatives 



of the Slate series. 



(2) Slightly schistose rocks, the metamorphic representatives of 



the Infra-Trias. 



(3) More intensely metamorphic rocks, presumably representa- 



tives of the Slate series in the main. 



(4) Bands of gneissose-granite intrusive among (1) and (3). 



(5) Trap dykes-intrusive among (1), (2), (3), and (4). 



(6) Appendix on the river-boulders brought down by the Indus 



river from unknown country to the north. 



(/) Slightly schistose rocks, the metamorphic representatives 

 of the Slate series. 



Immediately north of the so-called Slate zone near Mansehruh 

 one may see plenty of good examples of this group and chiefly of 

 an arenaceous type. Their metamorphism has not gone very far, 

 and the first results on the rock have been to give it a rotten 



E2 ( 51 ) 



