S6 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



has brought about a crushing, foliation, and recrystal- 

 lisation of the rock components along certain lines, and 

 especially at the margins of beds where rocks of 

 different character adjoin, and where in consequence 

 relief movements would be expected. The fact that 

 these effects are strictly alike in the sedimentary rocks 

 (conglomerates and quartzites) and in the crystalline 

 rocks, makes it certain that the crushing and re-arrange- 

 ment of the latter into separate mineral folia was truly 

 due to dynamic causes acting on the rock in its cooled 

 and solid state. 



Chapter III,— Descriptive Geology. 



Disturbance zones in general. 

 A prominent structural feature of Hazara, as of most areas fring- 

 _. . inar the great northern watershed of India, is 



Division of Hazara . 



into convenient zones its easy division, for the purposes of descrip- 



of disturbance. . .. ' . . 



tion, into zones of disturbance, or elongated 



blocks of formations which lie parallel to the general strike of the 

 country, and appear to have been driven to take up a characteris- 

 tic position of their own by N. W.— S. E. tangential earth stresses. 

 Without trenching on matter for discussion in a later chapter 

 (general remarks), it will tend to greater clearness if lor the time 

 being it be assumed that each of these zones has an individuality of 

 its own, marked (i) by the prevalence at the general surface of the 

 country in that zone of some particular formation, (2) by geotec- 

 tonic features due to earth movements that have been more or less 

 limited in that zone to a particular period in the geological evolution 

 of Hazara. 



These zones of disturbance are of various importance and grade, 

 Zones of disturbance Dut ce rtain of the larger and more comprehen- 

 sive ones — although they may severally include 

 minor disturbance zones — are as given in the next paragraph. 

 ( §6 ) 



