130 MIDDLEM1SS : GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



south-east along the north-east side of the outcrop of Murree beds 

 and there is also a trace of it on the south-west side of this band, 

 facts which indicate a regular synclinal in these strata modified by 

 faulting and crushing. 



Before going further I may draw attention to an important struc- 

 tural feature. We have now arrived just on the borderland, where 

 the normal strike of Hazara, i.e., north-east and south-west (approxi- 

 mately), gives way to that of Kashmir, which is generally speaking 

 north-west and south-east. The former indicates that it belongs to 

 the great Hindu-Kush system of earth-movements, and the latter that 

 it belongs to that of the Himalaya. If Mr. Lydekker's map of 

 Kashmir be consulted in conjunction with mine of Hazara, it will be 

 seen that the above statement is in accordance with facts. Without 

 dwelling any longer just now on this point I may note a curious 

 feature of the Murree beds which compose this thin band in the 

 neighbourhood of the pass. Whilst the general outcrop of the band 

 runs north-west and south-east, which should indicate a strike much 

 in the same direction (considering the high dips usually found in 

 these parts and the evident synclinal into which the rocks are thrown), 

 and whilst the Nummulitic limestone bands on either side of the 

 Murree series also trend in the same direction, it is nevertheless a curi- 

 ous fact that the only individual dips found in these Murree beds are 

 in an exactly contrary direction. Near Tangar, in fact, there is a fine 

 cliff exposure of the Murree sandstone dipping due south-east at 6o°. 

 I do not wish to lay too much stress on a single observation of this 

 kind in a rather obscure section ; but if it has any meaning at all it 

 would seem to be connected with the great structural feature men- 

 tioned above, namely, the line of change between the Hindu-Kush 

 and Himalayan systems of earth-movements. The thinness of the 

 band of Nummulitic limestone to the north-east of this Murree series, 

 and the appearance of the slates next to the band on its south-west 

 side, plainly indicate fold-faults running north-west — south-east. It 

 should be mentioned that the slates in close proximity to the Murree 

 beds have their foliation strike rapidly but gradually changed from 

 ( 130 ) 



