144 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



of the river which retains its gorge-like aspect, we may trace the Jura- 

 Cretaceous band beyond Kuthwal, when it mounts the hill-side to 

 Kholia and then spreads out, bifurcates, and uncovers a great and 

 fine anticlinal arch of Trias limestone. The western bifurcation takes 

 a straight line by the village of Ghanian and through the "k" of Ranikot, 

 continuing in the same direction for about a mile, after which it was 

 not traced. The gorge of the Hertoh beneath this band runs along 

 the axis of the Trias anticlinal, which continues from near Kalapani 

 staging bungalow up to Keithur, when it in turn bifurcates and un- 

 covers the underlying slates which pursue a course up the north- 

 east branch of the Hertoh river to the great gap between the Tandi- 

 £ni ridge and the ridge going towards Sichar peak, 8,645 &■ The two 

 bifurcations of the Trias continue, respectively, one along the ridge 

 towards Sichar and the other under the north-west crest of the 

 Tandi£ni ridge. I was unable to visit Tandia'ni myself, and entrust- 

 ed the working out of the section which follows to Babu Hira Lai. 

 Babu Hira Lai reported that, as regards the Trias limestone, the 



band going by Keithur after ascending the 

 Tandiani sections. T , . , .1 r ., , , 



Keithur spur passes south of the gap between 

 the Tandia'ni and Sichar ridges. It then continues round the north 

 end of the Tandidni ridge and out along its north-eastern spur for a 

 mile or so beyond the station. Its outcrop then returns along the 

 eastern face of the Tandiani hill, keeping to a uniform position above 

 the slates all the way round from the north of Tandidni to the hill 

 above Undree Seree, from which point it spreads out a little more 

 down the north-eastern slopes of Musta peak in the direction of 

 Puniali and Nunhiali, after which the outcrop bends round again to 

 the south-east, and cuts the southern spur from Musta east of Jhafur 

 and so down to the neighbourhood of Sirbunnuh. 



It will thus be seen that the station of Tandiini and its command- 

 ing summit is due to the presence of Trias limestone capping the 

 great ridge in a genera! way. But the surface of the station is re- 

 lieved to a considerable extent, and moulded into softer outlines 

 than would otherwise ensue by the presence of the Spiti shales, 

 ( 144 ) 



