158 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



into the ridge, and the Spiti shales disappear beneath the Grey 

 limestone. 1 may here mention an outcrop of the coal-bearing sand- 

 stone lying above the Grey limestone at a point on the ridge about 

 £ or J mile south of the eastern Jhan, and it is covered by Nummu- 

 litic-bearing limestone and shales in the neighbourhood of Seree on 

 the ridge. The Nummulitic limestone here is often thin-bedded, but 

 it is not of the marked concretionary habit prevailing further to the 

 south. The angles of dip are steep, 40 — 6o°. The whole of the 

 ridge is bare of trees, except for a few wild olives at ziarats, and 

 scrub jungle of Adhatoda and Ber {Zizyphus). 



At Jhan the second band of the Jurassics, which makes its appear- 

 ance by overfolding, takes a north-easterly direction and gradually 

 becomes accompanied on its south-eastern side by a portion of the 

 Trias limestone brought up by a fault which strikes north-east from 

 Jhan. This narrow strip of Trias, with the overlying Jura-Creta- 

 ceous, occupies a position under the southern crags of the final ridge 

 of the Tope hill, the dip being in towards the hill at 35 . It presents 

 the same characteristics as the more distinctly visible outcrops on the 

 western face of the ridge. 



The ridge from Jhan ascends gradually to the Tope hill. From 



its culminating summit, 6,645 ^ eet , which is 

 Tope hill. 



composed of the upper Nummulitic limestone, 

 there are given off three main side-spurs or buttresses, besides the 

 the ridge along which we have approached the mountain. One of 

 these goes west and south-west to Sudruh, another goes north by 

 Khun to Seergah and Deesal, spreading out as it does so ; while 

 between this buttress and the last a steeply cut-back ravine is present. 

 Lastly, another spur is given off east in the direction of Bugnotur. 

 Between it and the Deesal spur precipitous cliffs and ravines exhibit 

 some fine folding of the strata when viewed from the Abbottabad- 

 Bugnotur road. The thin faulted exposure of Trias and Jura-Creta- 

 ceous outcropping north-east from Jhan cuts the eastern spur some 

 way below the summit of the hill at the second " 6 " of 6,645 on the 

 map, but the Trias is lost at this point, and there is only a trace of 



( 158 ) 



