DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: NUMMULITIC ZONE. I79 



elliptical outcrops. The bands of the different formations are every- 

 where much more continuous in straight lines. In other words, the 

 denudation of this zone appears to be in a comparatively backward 

 state, and the face of nature still has its more prominent features 

 determined by the original earth crumplings. It is not easy to gather 

 any idea of this from the map of the country with this memoir, but 

 if the two panorama views (plates 9 and 10) be examined with 

 this object, the difference will be very apparent. Although the 

 general sculpturing of this zone follows largely the strike of the 

 rocks and the axes of the folds, there is nevertheless a great orographi- 

 cal feature with a north and south alignment which must not be 

 overlooked. I refer to the so-called backbone of this part of 

 Hazara, which, connected to the north with the Mian-Jani-ki-choki 

 and Tandia*ni masses, extends by means of a number of lofty peaks 

 and intervening gaps (called gulees) as far as Murree. This is the 

 line of watershed between the Jhelum drainage to the east and the 

 Indus drainage to the west ; and along it [rom Tandi£ni to Murree we 

 can enumerate the following higher points and intervening "gulees," 

 viz., Tandi^ni, 8,845 feet; Beerun Gulee, Oochatruppi, 9,501 feet; 

 Mian-Jani-ki-choki, 9,793 feet ; Bukot Gulee, Moorchpoori, 9,232 feet ; 

 Doonga Gulee, Kamur, 8,919 feet; Koonja Gulee, Changla Gulee, 

 Chumbi, 8,751 feet; Khaira Gulee, Bumkot, 7,028 feet; Deria Gulee, 

 Kooldana, 7,060 feet ; Kooldana cross-roads (gap), Murree ridge, 7,267 

 feet. A good many of these points can be recognised in the Moorch- 

 poori panorama (PI. 8), together with the strike-ridges and intervening 

 streams which descend to the Jhelum valley. A view in the other 

 direction is represented in the Changla Gulee panorama, where 

 from the culminating points of Chumbi, Bumkot, etc., we see a 

 series of better preserved strike-ridges and valleys travelling south- 

 west, the perfect parallelism of which may be gathered from the 

 way the perspective makes them regularly converge in the distance. 



Although this north-and-south backbone has a unity of its own, 

 inasmuch as it divides the waters which go east from the waters 

 which go west, yet to a geologist, if to no one else, its ultimate 

 N2 ( 179 ) 



