l8o M1DDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



composite character is very clear. Each of the culminating peaks is 

 the decayed remnant of one particular fold or set of folds of the 

 earth's crust — folds which cut nearly at right angles to the watershed. 

 Consequently, if we take any one of these peaks, we find its structural 

 equivalent not to the north and- south of it but to the east-north-east 

 west-south-west of it. Thus, to give one instance, the Moorchpoori 

 massif may be readily seen to be a rather high development of the 

 steady uniform range of Nummulitic limestone on which the names 

 Tutreeluh, Bulkot6, 103, Balkooh 5,074, Doobran 4,977, Sribang 5,661, 

 Chujjiyan 4,668, Janomar 4,387, and Serh 4,005, are to be found. 

 Similarly each of the gaps or gulees has its structural equivalent, not 

 in other similar gaps to the north or south, but in the longitudinal 

 valleys running either west-south-west or east-north east. 



So far as European visitors and residents are concerned, the 

 north-and-south watershed from Murree to Kalabagh is the part of 

 this zone which is the best known. Its general elevation from 7,000 

 to 8,000 feet makes it a very suitable hot-weather resort, and so it is 

 dotted over at intervals with clusters of little wooden houses and 

 barracks for summer residents, troops, schools of musketry, etc. 

 Many tourists and sportsmen on their way to Kashmir make a short 

 stay in the gulees. The luxuriant growth of coniferous trees cover- 

 ing all the main peaks and ridges, and the steep glens in the 

 neighbourhood, is a striking and beautiful feature. There are the 

 stately pillared groves of Paludar, Abies webbiana, which strike their 

 roots firmly into the summits of the chief ridges and spurs, and so 

 defy wind, rain and snow, everything in fact except the lightning 

 which has left its blasting mark on the more pointed summits such 

 as Moorchpoori and Chumbi ; there are the closely packed hollows 

 among the slopes filled to overflowing with the pale green Biar, 

 Pinus excelsa, whilst here and there among these more prominent 

 genera may be found oak, horse-chestnut (decked with blossoms in 

 the spring) the maple or sycamore, and two species of elm, the 

 broad-leafed and the narrow-leafed. All these and some few other 

 less important trees make up forest scenery which would be 

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