DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: NUMMULITIC ZONE. l8l 



remarkable anywhere, but which to the streams of jaded refugees 

 from the hot weather of the plains and the burnt-brown dusty colour 

 of everything, is a memory never to be forgotten. 



But whilst the single line of hill-road connecting the gulees with 

 each other is alive during the summer with coolies and baggage 

 mules,— whilst every household, dak bungalow, and tiny bazaar swells 

 the chorus of recruiting humanity among the echoing woods, — within 

 rifle-range and almost within a stone's-throw dow r n the steep 

 "khuds" to the east are abysses of almost trackless forest, on the 

 outskirts of which the grass-cutter plies his sickle, but the heart of 

 which must be better known to bears than to man. Further down 

 again on favourable ridges and the lower slopes of the mountain - 

 spurs come a few villages with their terraced fields reaching down 

 to the Kanair R, which marks the boundary between this zone and 

 the Upper Tertiary zone. As the winter months approach, residents, 

 troops, civil and military officers, bazaar shopkeepers, and even the 

 post office and telegraph office clerks and the dak bungalow care- 

 takers, all leave the ridge for the lower country, and the forest- 

 covered gulees are again silent save for the roaring wind and sweep- 

 ing snow-drifts. 



On the western side of the watershed the side ridges lower gra- 

 dually in height, and the wooded glens steepen as they join up with 

 one or other branch of the Hurroh R. The tall conifers cease about 

 the 6,000 feet level, and forest, with the exception of scrub jungle, 

 almost entirely ceases. 1 he low scrub jungle of Sanatha (Sunhetta), 

 dodonaea burmanniana, the thorny Sumbal and Phulahi, acacia 

 modesta, Ber, zizyphus y etc., with here and there a few of the follow- 

 ing trees, Kangar, pistacia integerrima> Darwa or Drawa, cedrela, 

 serrata, Batangi, wild medlar, Khair, acacia catechu^ Bis, willow, Tut, 

 wild mulberry, tnorus indica, Dhamzn, grewia oppositifolia, etc., etc., 

 is of considerable importance as a source of firewood for the Rawal- 

 pindi, Hureepoor, and Abbottabad neighbourhood. Hence it is re- 

 served over a great part of the area drained by the Hurroh and its 

 tributaries north and south. Along the longitudinal valleys, and here 



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