DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: NUMMULITIC ZONE. 189 



shewn on the map, at the 14th milestone from Murree. Near the 

 junction the exposures shew great irregularity of dip, but gradually 

 N.N.W. and S.S.E. dips become the rule in shales and concre- 

 tionary limestones. About \ mile before reaching Koonja Gulee the 

 limestone becomes very nodular and its dip steadies down to 45 

 S.E. At this place the rock in its excessively nodular character 

 more nearly resembles that of the Salt-Range than before. At the 

 Koonja Gulee bazaar the dip is nearly vertical in shales and limestone, 

 the actual direction wavering on one or other side of the vertical. 



From Koonja Gulee on for a mile or so the road follows the ridge 

 as a whole and displays the same kind of rocks in endless alternation 

 or repetition. Notwithstanding the most detailed notes taken on 

 the spot, the nature of this great Nummulitic formation, and more 

 particularly its indivisibility (except broadly) into stages, are such 

 that it is impossible to give any detailed solution of the structural 

 problems presented by it. The strike keeps fairly constant, but 

 as for the dip, the only thing certain about it is its uncertainty, and 

 the complete irrelevance of the local dips for indicating a true dip. 

 Similar difficulties occur all through the gulees, and neither Waagen, 

 Wynne, nor Stoliczka ever attempted more in their sections than to 

 arrange the various formations and beds like an irregular row of 

 books on a shelf. Nor can I claim to have been much more success- 

 ful, for the most I can say is that the northern half of this Nummuli- 

 tic outcrop seems to be composed chiefly of the upper beds, whilst 

 to the south of the nth milestone (where the road passes to the east 

 side of the ridge) there occur outcrops of the massive grey lime- 

 stone as well. A band of pisolitic rock intervenes and afterwards 

 appears again on the other side of the grey limestone at a point 

 a short distance south of the io£ milestone. Whilst this rock has a 

 great resemblance to the Sabathu bottom-bed of the Nummulitic 

 formation, it also is, I think, the equivalent of the coal-bearing sand- 

 stone of Hewson's. After a short interval of concretionary limestone 

 (60 yards) a third more doubtful appearance of the same pisolitic 

 band brings in grey limestone again, a mere fragment, and then dark 



( 189 ) 



