DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: NUMMULITIC ZONE. 191 



Changla Gulee, from which the section starts, is well known for 

 its school of musketry, and as a half-way halting-place for travellers 

 from Murree to Doonga or Nathia Gulee. Its great height, about 

 8,000 feet, and the steepness of the south-western face of the hill on 

 which the dak bungalow is perched like an eyrie, give us on a 

 clear day a panorama over the country through an arc of 180° and 

 extending far beyond the confines of Hazara. The Rawalpindi plateau 

 looks like a great sea or archipelago out of which various strike- 

 ridges, including the Chita pahar, carry on the structural features of 

 Kazara as far as the Indus, whilst beyond that the hills of Kohat, 

 the range of the Safed Kho and the mountains of Afghanistan hover 

 high in the picture like clouds resting on the horizon. I regret that 

 my poor diagram (PI. 10) gives so bald and inadequate a repre- 

 sentation of this wonderful view. 



On a suitable day during the south-west monsoon the most 

 marvellous transformation scenes take place. The moisture-laden 

 winds impinging on the base of the ridges burst into churning masses 

 of cloud, coloured most phantastically. Long before Changla feels 

 the blast we may look down from the sunlit bungalow and see the 

 storm-clouds develop in mixed masses of sulphur-yellow, dusky red, 

 and deep indigo colours, the whole writhing with a low hissing sound 

 as they advance. 



The action of the atmospheric agencies on the crushed and 

 crumbling rocks of the ridge must be intense ; and the steady and 

 rapid movement of soil-cap down hill is remarkably well indicated 

 on slopes of over 40 by the straight stems of the conifers, all of 

 which a yard or more from the ground curve in towards the slope 

 like the bend of a golf club. I examined a large number of examples 

 of this kind on steep slopes, and without knowing whether the 

 matter has been remarked on before, it seems to me to be only 

 explicable by the downward movement of soil-cap acting obliquely 

 against the geotropism of the tree. 



Apart from slow soil-cap movement, however, the rocks round 

 about Changla and the whole of the gulee ridge shew abundant 



( IQI ) 



