220 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



stone (as in the Slate zone), the southern type is charac- 

 terised more particularly by a calcareous element which 

 appears to be developed both above and among the 

 Gieumal sandstone. 



(4) That the cretaceous band is remarkably well represented 



the whole way along the great earth-fold from Janomar 

 to Moorchpoori, and that it dies out abruptly along the 

 line of the Hurroh river, no trace of it or of its fossils 

 being found at all to the south of that river or at any 

 point in the zone of a corresponding strike-position. 



(5) That the great Nummulitic formation throughout this 



zone, to which it gives the name, is remarkably deve- 

 loped, not only horizontally whereby it almost covers 

 in the whole area, but also vertically, in which direction 

 its thickness is very great. We may also note with 

 regard to it the striking and peculiar change of facies 

 in its lower part in the neighbourhood of the Chujjian 

 Janomar, and Serh hill masses where it becomes dis- 

 tinctly arenaceous. 



(6) That the Kuldana beds appear for the first time in the 



sequence of formations. 

 As regards the physical geology and surface sculpturing of the 

 zone, much has already been said in the first part of this chapter 

 devoted to the orography, but we may here recapitulate — 



(a) Continuity and parallelism of strike, as in the Slate zone, 



but with gentle strike undulations and a somewhat 

 rapid curving to the north as the Jhelum river is 

 approached. 



(b) A system of undulating earth-folds with accompanying 



fold-faults, and in some places a marked set of 

 minor contortions and folds borne on the main folds. 



(c) Valley systems divide themselves naturally into "longitu- 



dinal" and " transverse," and are either of the nature 

 of deeply cut-down gorges or "rifts," or long shallow 

 ( 220 ) 



