DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: UPPER TERTIARY ZONE. 221 



valleys, occasionally expanding into wide valleys, but 

 never into plains like the Abbottabad or Mansehruh 

 plains. 



(d) Hills not split up into central elliptical masses, with radi- 

 ating spurs and of graceful build, as in the Slate zone ; 

 but combined into long steadily running strike ridges 

 of squat and heavy architecture following the axes of 

 the earth-folds. 



(<?) Denudation comparatively backward, as indicated plainly 

 by the great convex ridge-slopes, by the longitudinal 

 and transverse valley systems shewing as yet scarcely 

 any sign of effacement or co-mingling, by the com- 

 paratively uniform descent in the general level of the 

 country from the gulees to the Margalla pass, and lastly 

 by the absence of great contrasts of elevation. 



Chapter V.— Descriptive Geology— contd. 



(D) The Upper Tertiary Zone. 

 Orography. 



The most southerly of the strike zones present in Hazara is the 

 Upper Tertiary zone. It is bounded on the north by the Nummulitic 

 zone, from which it is divided by a uniformly curving fold-fault ; 

 whilst to the south it is by no means confined to the area shewn 

 in the map of Hazara, but extends for great distances over the 

 Rawalpindi plateau, or Potwar, as far as the Salt-Range. The 

 portion of it represented in Hazara is in fact a very imperfect 

 sample of the zone as a whole, a mere fringe of it caught up along 

 the outer margin of the last-described zone. 



The Slate zone we have seen to be characterised by revealing 

 no rocks below the Slate series. The Nummulitic zone in like 

 manner reveals nothing below the Trias in its northern half, and 

 nothing below the Jurassics in its southern half. Coming now to the 

 Upper Tertiary zone we shall find that it carries out the same law 

 by revealing nothing below the Eocene or Nummulitic strata. A 



( 321 ) 



