226 MIDDLEMISS : GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



The same series of beds have a strike continuation towards the 

 north-east and south-west for a considerable distance. In the former 

 direction, however, the rib of Nummulitic limestone and associated 

 Kuldana beds, as exposed at the cross-roads, die out after about a 

 mile, either by a fault to the north cutting them out, or for some 

 other reason obscured in the gently flowing hill-sides. In the latter 

 direction the rib of Nummulitic limestone continues by " Sunny Bank," 

 " Clifden," Ghora Gulee, and Tret. At the last-named place it dis- 

 appears from the map, 



A marked gap at each of these places indicates the junction of 



the hard Nummulitic limestone with the softer 

 "Clifden" section. 



beds lying to the south-east. In the panorama 



from Changla (PI. 10) this band can be followed by the eye from its 



position behind the Kuldana hill, where it is hidden in the drawing, 



across spur after spur given off from the Murree ridge as far as 



Tret. The Kuldana beds to the south-east of the rib follow only as far 



as Clifden, when they are apparently'cut out by a fault. At Clifden 



and in the neighbourhood, these shales are impregnated with gypsum 



in anastomosing strings and veins. Gypsum also occurs in curved 



banded layers of grey and white colours. The mineral is not present 



in any abundance, but its occurrence at this horizon corresponds 



to the similar occurrences among the Kuldana bands already noticed 



in the Nummulitic zone. 



The gentle northern slopes of the Murree ridge are sometimes 



subject to small landslips, or subsidences, during 

 Landslips. 



very heavy rain. In the autumn of 1891 one 



such occurred between the Club and Clifden, when a great bank-like 

 mass of rocks, 80 to 100 yards long by 20 to 30 broad, and as many 

 high, subsided, owing to the soft purple shales beneath the sandstone 

 having been washed out by streams. 



There is nothing more to be said about this Upper Tertiary zone 

 as it appears in Hazara. An excellent description with sections of 

 its extension to the south-east over the great Rawalpindi plateau 

 will be found in the writings of Wynne, cited in the introductory 

 chapter. 



( 226 ) 



