22$ MIDDLEMISS: CKOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



villages and cultivation naturally cease about that level. The higher 

 slopes are only used temporarily in the summer as grazing grounds or 

 as passes from one valley to another. 



This zone, especially in its northern parts, is but little known to 

 European travellers or others. The higher valleys of Khagan are the 

 especial care of the Forest Department. Agror and the neighbour- 

 hood are sometimes visited by the civil and political officers of the 

 district. But north of that, in the direction of the Black Mountain, 

 and beyond, the country-side is in the unsettled state that naturally 

 belongs to a borderland where civilised rule and barbarism meet. 

 Such parts are only accessible to an armed force. 



Sections in the Crystalline and Metamorphic zone. 



If the reader refers to what has been said pp. 4, 62, he will see 



that want of time and opportunity prevented my 

 General remarks. 



party from doing more than sample the great 



expanse of these rocks in the northern parts of Hazara. I shall not 

 attempt, therefore, in what follows, to describe anything like a com- 

 plete series of sections illustrative of the crystalline and metamorphic 

 tone, but shall pick out a few here and there for description, which 

 are of special interest. In the chapter dealing with the petrology of 

 these rocks a good deal of detail has already been given. It remains 

 here merely to shew by means of local sections their relative bearings 

 to one another and to the unmetamorphosed rocks. 



Sections in the Tanawal country north of Abbottabad. 



The portion of the country to the north-west of the Slate zone is 

 represented on the map as consisting of three formations : first the 

 Infra-Trias,secondly,the "Tanols," and thirdly gneissose and schistose 

 rocks. The following descriptions will tend to make their mutual 

 relations clearer. There are three main outcrop-areas or bands of the 

 Infra-Trias in this portion of Hazara, one running north-east — south- 

 ( 228 ) 



