DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: CRYSTALLINE AND METAMORPH1C ZONE. 257 



The following points may be mentioned with regard to the sec- 

 tions, the salient structural features of which I have just sketched : — 



Beds of earthy haematite and limonite occur 1 mile E. of 8,160 

 feet hill on the ridge towards Machai. They are evidently second- 

 arily formed from the magnetite in the rock which locally becomes 

 somewhat important. The same is found also near Torani where it 

 had been worked in the deserted village of Sokar. The same band 

 probably crops out on the Akhund Bdba" — Seri road, as pieces were 

 brought me by Major (now Colonel) Greenstreet, R.E., from that 

 locality. Large schorl crystals are found in the white granite at 

 Panjigali. Due west of Shingli on the Panjigali ridge there is a trap 

 dyke shewing five-sided columnar structure. The form of surface 

 denudation which goes on in the higher parts of the ridge is well ex- 

 emplified at Bampur gali where, slightly below the loose snow but 

 where snow had recently been, there were large flows of solidified mud 

 of an ochre colour and sometimes in a semi-liquid condition. They 

 seem to represent the disintegrating surface of the crystalline rocks 

 which has been slowly formed under the snow and kept prisoner for 

 a long time, instead of being carried regularly away. When the 

 snow melts a discharge of great volumes of such mud down the 

 valleys must take place. 



Crystalline and Met amorphic zone as a whole. 

 From the samples I have given of this zone, and from such 

 knowledge as we possess of the parts of it not referred to by me 

 we may come to the following conclusions with regard to it :— 



(1) That it may be divided into an inner and an outer tract, 

 the outer one nearer the plains including examples of 

 metamorphosed Infra- Trias and " Tanols, " and the inner 

 one ascending towards the greater ranges shewing nothing 

 but the metamorphosed Slate series in complex combin- 

 ation with veins, ribs, and sills of gneissose-granite. 

 ; (2) We have thus two metamorphic series, a younger and an 

 older, and whilst the latter is penetrated and altered by 

 the granite and also by the subsequently intruded basic 

 S ( 257 ) 



