26u MIDDLEM1SS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



on the map. As to whether these deductions are sound or not the 

 reader must judge for himself; but he may rest assured that they are 

 not vitiated by that worst of all fault, -viz. y distorted, inaccurate, or 

 merely guessed at stratigraphy. 



In the chapters just concluded a number of comparisons have 

 The ^disturbance been instituted among the four disturbance 

 zones compared. zones, which tend to show that each of them 



has an individuality of its own marked by many features peculiar to 

 itself. It will be necessary to examine a little more closely the vary- 

 ing physical aspects under which each zone appears. For the sake 

 of clearness, the four zones with their alphabetical signs, and arranged 

 in their geographical order, are recapitulated here:— 



N.-W. 



(A) Crystalline and metamorphic zone. 



(B) Slate, or Abbottabad zone. 



(C) Nummulitic zone. 



(D) U. Tertiary zone. 



S.E. 

 (A) may furthermore be known as the innermost zone, and 

 (D) as the outermost. 



It has already been insisted on that the zones differ from each 

 other in a marked way by the varying levels at 



Relative elevation of . . . 



the earth's crust in the which certain formations occur in them. As an 

 instance I may repeat that in the Slate zone 

 the Trias generally occupies a rather elevated position, forming the 

 first storey so to speak of the hilly superstructure and reposing on 

 the Slate series as a foundation, whereas the same formation in the 

 Nummulitic zone holds a much lower place being itself the struc- 

 tural foundation of that zone ; whilst lastly, in the U. Tertiary zone it 

 is completely buried out of sight. I shall now state the case gene- 

 rally for any formation. 



If in any zone a number of vertical sections be taken, each 

 extending from the highest point visible on a prominent ridge down 

 to the lowest point attainable in a stream-bed, and if from all these 

 ( 260 ) 



