262 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



An expansion of the above law applied to the zones themselves 

 states that more upheaval of the earth's crust as a whole has taken 

 place in zone A than in zone B, more in B than in C, and more in C 

 than in D. 



Having seen that the disturbance of the earth's crust as represented 

 by the relative elevation or upheaval of each of 



Relative compression . , ... 



of the earth's crust in the zones is a quantity which varies with de- 

 creasing amount as we travel from N.W. to 

 S.E., we may now enquire whether there is any corresponding 

 variation in the amount of that disturbance as represented by the 

 compression (folding, faulting, cleavage, shearing, etc.) sustained by 

 the various zones. Taking the simplest case first we will compare 

 the outermost and innermost zones with each other (zone D with 

 zone A). As has already been explained, zone D, or the U Tertiary 

 zone, is very imperfectly represented in Hazara where only the north- 

 ern edge of it is included. Its typical aspect is only seen away from 

 the hills towards and beyond Rawalpindi. There, as recorded by Mr. 

 Wynne, the greater part of the zone is a plateau with gently rolling 

 and sometimes nearly horizontal dip, whilst not infrequently ranges 

 of small hills or elevations are composed of nearly unaltered symme- 

 trical anticlinals. Secondly, all the rocks of this zone are soft sand- 

 stones, sand-rock, shales, or conglomerates, entirely unaltered in a 

 metamorphic sense, and only differing from Recent accumulations 

 of the same kind by being slightly indurated and by their gently 

 inclined positions. Contrast the gentle undulations of this zone with 

 the highly flexured condition of the crystalline and metamorphic 

 zone A, as depicted in the various sketch-sections in the body of 

 this memoir; contrast the plain flat surface of the one with the 

 rugged and precipitous character of the other; and lastly, contrast 

 the hardly consolidated sandstones and conglomerates of the one 

 with the cleaved, sheared, faulted, and metamorphosed condition of 

 the other. If this be done we shall be obliged to conclude that as 

 regards the outermost and innermost zones there is a great difference 

 in the amount of the lateral compression indicated by each, and that 

 ( 262 ) 



