DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 269 



From the foregoing, the division of Hazara into zones of disturb- 

 ance, and the regarding of these zones as 

 lar En thc ry above* zon3 marking different stages of upheaval of the 

 S out UC b U y re the ttrf earth's crust, seem warranted by the facts of the 

 Hazara, case< g u t Hazara is only a small slice out of 



the great chain of mountains that surround India on its north-west 

 and north sides. For the above generalizations to possess any mean- 

 ing with reference to the whole of that chain, it is necessary to show 

 at least a probability in favour of their applicability to adjoining por- 

 tions of it. In order to do this, reference must be made to those 

 geological papers and maps which deal with the neighbouring areas 

 west and east of Hazara. But even then the fitting of a theory which 

 depends entirely on close mapping on the scale of 1 inch = 1 mile, 

 to work done by other men is somewhat unsatisfactory, especially 

 considering the small scale of the mapping of such parts of the Punjab, 

 Afghanistan, and Kashmir as have been examined by them. In point- 

 ing out, therefore, certain possible ways by which my zonal divisions 

 established in Hazara, may be carried along in a westerly and easter- 

 ly direction, I wish it to be understood that I am not dogmatizing, 

 but merely suggesting. It is more than probable that these sugges- 

 tions will afterwards require much retouching to bring them into 

 harmony with facts. 



Mr. Wynne's map and descriptions of part of the Punjab 1 shew that 

 Zonal structure in W. the U « Tertiai 7 z0 ™, as defined by me, conti- 

 Punjab. nues with all its characteristics in a westerly 



direction. Its northern faulted boundary is shewn as such passing 

 along the southern foot of the Chitapahar for about 35 miles, and cross- 

 ing the Indus half way between Attock and Khushialgurh. A line of 

 faulting to the south of this, running by the Khairemurut ridge, and 

 through Jhand to the Indus below Khushialgurh, marks off a sub- 

 zone in the southern part of the U. Tertiary zone ; and a similar 

 line of faulting, with a southern sub-zone to the east of the Jhelum, 

 is described by Lydekker 2 on the inner side of the Siwaliks, and 

 separating them generally from the Murree beds to the north : but 



1 Rec. G. S. of I. Vol. X, p. 3, 1877. 



2 Geology of Kashmir, p. 86. 



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