272 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN, 



As regards the northern boundary of this combined Nummulitic 

 and Murree zone we see that it exactly reproduces the boundary to 

 the north of the Nummulitic zone in Hazara, inasmuch as it presents 

 the appearance of the Murree beds, dipping down against and m 

 direct contact with the older Pre-Tertiary rocks of the " middle 

 mountains " of Lydekker. At pp. 94-95 in his memoir, the above 

 author endeavours to shew that the junction in question, though 

 unconformable is a natural one of deposition. Although, I think, it 

 might be possible to dispute this point with a considerable amount of 

 success, it is not necessary for my argument to do so ; for the great 

 feature of this " main boundary " line, as it was originally called by 

 Medlicott, is that it generally coincides with an approximate limit of 

 deposition. Thus the Pre-Tertiary rocks north of the combined 

 Nummulitic and Murree zone show signs of belonging to an earlier 

 phase in the upheaval of the mountain area, inasmuch as, whether 

 we believe that folding with production of a fold-fault occurred along 

 the line of junction or not, we must admit that the Pre-Tertiary zone 

 of the "middle mountains" is an older one in point of formation and 

 elevation if not in the matter of compression by lateral forces. 



The Slate zone in Hazara we have found to be characterised by 

 the presence of outliers of rocks from Trias to Nummulitics, irr 

 contradistinction to the crystalline and metamorphic zone, which 

 shows nothing above the Infra-Trias rocks ; and to be divided more 

 or less sharply from it. In Kashmir it does not seem possible from 

 the published descriptions to establish any such division, but it is 

 clear from Mr. Lydekker's book that no metamorphic representatives 

 of rocks from the Trias upwards are known. 



If we travel further afield from Hazara along the foot of the 



Himalaya to Garhwdl and Kumaun we shall 

 Zones of disturbance 

 in Garhwal and Kumaun, find there, as I have described in my memoir 



liaya * on the Sub-Himalaya of those parts, that 



exactly similar zones of disturbance are to be met with. As the 



subject was treated in some detail in that memoir, I need not do more 



here than refer to it. 



( 272 ) 



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