DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY : GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 283 



A change of direction therefore, even a sudden one, in the trend 

 of the axis of lines of disturbance need not always imply distinctness 

 in origin and age. 



Of course so long as we remain ignorant of the precise nature and 

 mode of working of the power which origi- 



Precise nature of the 



origin of earth move- nates earth stresses, so long shall we grope about 



tnents unknown. . . . , , . . , , 



in more or less darkness in trying to solve a 



question such as this. 



But the following considerations may be of some value in clearing 



the way for a better appreciation of the question so far as Hazara 



goes :— 



(1) There is no sudden break along the Jhelum River in the 

 lithological composition of the rocks of various kinds 

 and of various geological ages. On the contrary I have 

 shewn that in Hazara nothing is so remarkable as the 

 way in which the lithological facies of many of the 

 rock groups is identical with that of the Himalayan 

 range. Mr. Griesbach (Geology of the Safed Koh) has 

 drawn attention to the same aspect of the question : 

 petrologically and structurally the Himalaya and the 

 countries to the west of the Jhelum river are the same. 

 The latter states (p. 66) that the Hindu Kush from 

 east of the Shiba pass to the little Pamir, with all 

 the mountainous country to the south of it, including 

 Kaffiristan, Chitral, Dardistan, Gilgit, North-West Kash- 

 mir, Swat and Dir, comprising a known area twice that 

 of Switzerland is chiefly formed of old crystalline rocks 

 which were land when the Trias (with coal) of Katagan 

 and Afghan Turkistan was deposited. This wide belt 

 of ancient rocks he considers as a western prolongation 

 of the great Himalayan crystalline belt and that it, 

 with the latter, was already foreshadowed as a great 

 'warp ' of the older crystallines in very early palaeozoic 

 times. Considered geographically, or structurally, or 

 causally, Griesbach believes the Salt Range and the 



( 283 ) 



