284 MIDDLEMISS: GEOLOGY OF HAZARA AND BLACK MOUNTAIN. 



North-West Punjab hill ranges belong to the Himalayan 

 area of elevation. 



(2) It is clear, therefore, that if this identity of characteristics is 



sufficient to establish a general identity, then the sudden 

 and rapid change in the strike and foldings of the strata at 

 the Jhelum must be held to be a minor detail not of vital 

 importance. 



(3) It is only when we come to some of the later phases in the 



elevation of the Hindu Kush and Himalayan mountains 

 that Griesbach finds a great difference between the two, 

 inasmuch as in the Himalaya and North-West Punjab 

 the miocene beds, coming immediately above the Nummuli- 

 tic limestone, are of fresh-water origin, whereas on the 

 Perso-Afghan side of the Hindu Kush the miocene is 

 marine up to the upper miocene. 



(4) I have shown it to be very probable that the Murree beds in 



Hazara and along the south edge of the Himalaya, east of 

 the Jhelum, never extended very far away across the edges 

 of the older disturbance zones to the north. Hence they 

 were deposited in a great bay in the mountain mass 

 which at that time was in existence and which 

 corresponded to the present debouchure of the 

 Jhelum. And yet we find the Murree beds on each 

 side of the Jhelum have assumed strikes and folds 

 strictly parallel respectively to the older zones ris- 

 ing above them, with the single exception of the peculi- 

 arity noticed, page 130. These facts seem to show that 

 a mountain core having once been established will tend 

 to maintain itself by influencing the direction taken by 

 the younger zones. 

 In a previous memoir I have urged the probable great age of the 

 Himalaya as opposed to the more popular idea 



Final remarks on the J 



development of the that they were the product of yesterday, geo- 

 wes°tet y \o a nluatt logically speaking. The reasons I gave there, 

 as a whole. an( j (.{,£ man y similar lines of reasoning that I 



( 284 ) 



