ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 287 



Gypsum occurs under two different conditions. It is found associated with the 

 Kuldana beds, as at Clifden near Murree, and in the gorge 

 yp ' west of Doonga gulee; as well as generally in small 



quantities wherever the Kuldana beds are to be found (see map). But it is also 

 found in the form of a bed or vein cutting through the Slate series at the following 

 places : — (1) S.S. E. of Dowutta on the road along the Koonhar R. near Puttun 

 Chhota, an isolated small exposure among slightly schistose slates striking N.N.E 

 and associated with thin limestone beds in the slates. (2) In the form of a discon- 

 tinuous but nearly regular outcrop as of a bed or as veins from near Bari-ka-Bugla 

 by the "e" of Majhote, the "G" of Gahora, Kohree village, east slope of 6,462 feet 

 hill to Bijora. It occurs mixed with ochre or buff-coloured shaly fragments, and 

 with thin limestone bands, and is generally foliated or bedded or banded in grey 

 and white. In all the outcrops, by their relation to the hill-slopes, etc., the rock sug- 

 gests an ordinary bed, such as a bed of limestone dipping in towards the hill-mass. 

 This may, however, be deceptive owing to movement of the hill side. On the other 

 hand it seems to change its horizon somewhat among the slates, to cross them at 

 a small angle, reaching the outcrop of the Trias limestone west of Badala, and then 

 to leave it again and keep among the slates near Bijora. 



The thickness of the bed or vein is not easy to calculate. It varies from 6 feet 

 at Kohree to 50 feet at Bari-ke-Bugla and 100 feet west of Badala under the 6,462 

 feet hill. In the latter place, where it is thickest, it forms a prominent white and 

 glittering cliff above the Trias limestone. 



There must be a very great amount of the mineral present in the whole band. 

 Kaolin or china-clay is reported from the higher parts of the Khagan valley, 

 where it is doubtless formed by the decomposition of the 

 felspar of the granites and allied rocks, but personally I 

 know nothing of this mineral. 



Alluvial gold, in the usual small quantities as found all over India, occurs in 

 the Indus valley near Kirpiliyan, where it is washed 



Gold. •!! r 1 



occasionally, as referred to on p. 251. 



No traces of mineral oil are to be found in Hazara proper, but on the south 



border at the foot of the hills, f mile north-west of Sha- 



ki-Noorpoor and also in Sydpoor town there are some 



springs which shew traces of oil on the surface of the water. I do not think they 



are of any practical importance; but here a test by digging and opening up the 



spring can only decide the matter beyond doubt. 



At the former place the greenish coloured water of the spring (not flowing at 

 the time of my visit) was covered by a thin film of brown oil which when taken off 

 and applied to paper burnt with a spluttering noise and a sudden flashing flame. 

 It was in the Nummulitic limestone and was the property of a'Pir'or Mussalman 

 priest who administered it as a medicine for sores. 



At the latter place the spring apparently oozed out of a fissure in the same 

 limestone in the village itself; but it was dry, with only a smell of oil, when I was 

 there in the season, 1890-91. 



The coal of Hazara (details as to the age and stratigraphical position of 

 which will be found in the body of this Memoir) has long been 

 known in a general way. Mr. Morris, Executive Engineer in 



( 287 ) 



