﻿122 
  OLDHAM: 
  GREAT 
  EARTHQUAKE 
  OF 
  1897. 
  

  

  landslip 
  as 
  large 
  as 
  that 
  at 
  Sinya, 
  but 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  able 
  to 
  stand 
  

   against 
  the 
  rush 
  of 
  the 
  waters, 
  while 
  all 
  the 
  way 
  down 
  the 
  eighteen 
  

   miles 
  to 
  where 
  this 
  river 
  issues 
  from 
  the 
  hills, 
  the 
  old 
  channel 
  was 
  

   encumbered 
  by 
  innumerable 
  landslips, 
  none 
  able 
  to 
  check 
  the 
  rush 
  

   of 
  the 
  flood, 
  which, 
  picking 
  up 
  from 
  them 
  a 
  mass 
  of 
  boulders, 
  gravel, 
  

   sand 
  and 
  trunks 
  of 
  trees, 
  carried 
  it 
  along 
  in 
  one 
  great 
  rush, 
  

   dealing 
  destruction 
  for 
  many 
  miles 
  within 
  and 
  beyond 
  the 
  limits 
  of 
  

   the 
  hills. 
  

  

  Where 
  this 
  river 
  leaves 
  the 
  hills 
  at 
  Ukiam 
  and 
  enters 
  the 
  Kam- 
  

   rup 
  District 
  it 
  takes 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  the 
  Kulsi, 
  having 
  been 
  joined 
  by 
  an 
  

   affluent 
  from 
  the 
  west, 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  Sri 
  Nadi. 
  At 
  Ukiam 
  it 
  is 
  

   joined 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  tributary 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  Dharan, 
  

   which 
  drains 
  some 
  low 
  hills 
  by 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  valleys 
  of 
  very 
  low 
  gradi- 
  

   ent, 
  the 
  lower 
  part 
  filled 
  with 
  alluvium. 
  Still 
  lower 
  down, 
  the 
  Kulsi 
  

   is 
  joined 
  by 
  an 
  affluent 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  LokiaJcLn 
  (Khoolsee 
  Khal 
  of 
  the 
  

   Revenue 
  Survey 
  maps), 
  a 
  sluggish 
  stream 
  flowing 
  through 
  an 
  alluvial 
  

   flat, 
  from 
  which 
  groups 
  of 
  low 
  hills 
  rise. 
  

  

  The 
  effect 
  of 
  the 
  flood 
  in 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  course 
  was 
  

   remarkable 
  and, 
  though 
  not 
  seismic, 
  may 
  be 
  noticed 
  here. 
  The 
  

   direct 
  effect 
  of 
  the 
  flood 
  was 
  to 
  sweep 
  everything 
  before 
  it 
  ; 
  trees 
  

   were 
  uprooted 
  and 
  soil 
  and 
  subsoil 
  washed 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  underlying 
  

   rocks, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  side 
  channels 
  the 
  rush 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  was 
  upstream. 
  

   As 
  a 
  result, 
  I 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Lokia 
  J^n 
  that 
  trees 
  had 
  been 
  bent 
  over, 
  

   and 
  vegetation 
  flattened 
  down 
  in 
  an 
  upstream 
  direction, 
  while 
  every 
  

   obstruction 
  had 
  an 
  accumulation 
  of 
  driftwood 
  and 
  weeds 
  on 
  the 
  

   downstream 
  side, 
  or 
  just 
  the 
  reverse 
  of 
  what 
  would 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  case 
  

   had 
  the 
  flood 
  been 
  an 
  ordinary 
  one 
  coming 
  down 
  this 
  channel. 
  The 
  

   distance 
  that 
  the 
  flood 
  rushed 
  up 
  this 
  channel, 
  with 
  sufficient 
  force 
  

   to 
  leave 
  conspicuous 
  traces 
  of 
  its 
  effect, 
  was 
  fully 
  two 
  miles, 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  

   junction 
  of 
  the 
  tributary 
  with 
  the 
  Kulsi 
  was 
  a 
  great 
  barrier, 
  some 
  

   30 
  feet 
  high 
  and 
  300 
  feet 
  across, 
  composed 
  of 
  a 
  matted 
  mass 
  of 
  tree 
  

   trunks 
  that 
  had 
  been 
  swept 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  hills 
  and 
  stranded 
  there. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Dharan, 
  the 
  same 
  effect 
  could 
  be 
  seen 
  ; 
  a 
  short 
  way 
  from 
  

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