APPENDIX. 155 



The principal additions to his collection were the gifts of 

 Mr. Healt, 15 colleague and brother-in-law of Mr. Carpenter, commer- 

 cial resident [at Salem]. He collected all the objects of mineralog- 

 ical interest in the country, and presented Leschenault with several 

 specimens of corundum, 10 iron-ore, 17 garnets, a fragment of aqua- 

 marine in its matrix, several pieces of a beautiful graphic granite in the 



15 In Leschenault's paper the name, probably through a misprint, is given as 

 Healt. Mr. Mallet in tracing out the locality of the tscheffkinite collected by 

 Leschenault (Rec, Geol. Surv., Ind. y XXV (1892), 123), suggested that this was a 

 mistake for Heath, and the subsequent paper by Leschenault (IX, 257) confirms 

 the suggestion. To be quite certain on the point, however, I referrred to Colonel 

 D. G. Pitcher, Director of Land Records and Agriculture in Gwalior, who is a 

 relative of Mr. Heath ; and he has kindly informed me that Heath had a brother- 

 in-law of the name of Carpenter at Salem, which agrees with Leschenault's 

 statement. To Heath we are indebted for our most accurate information con- 

 cerning the native iron-smelters of South India (Journ. Roy. As.Soc, Vol. V ; 

 Mushet's " Papers on iron and steel " (1840), pp. 666—672), as well as the dis- 

 covery of corundum, chromite, aqua-marines and many other things of economic 

 value and mineralogical interest. Mr. Heath also started the manufacture of 

 iron and steel on a large scale in South India, and though unsuccessful, more 

 through legal entanglements than otherwise, has given us our best data as to the 

 richness and purity of the ores which bear directly on the question, now under 

 discussion, of reviving this industry. The fact that Leschenault received many 

 specimens from Heath increases the importance of the collection now in 

 Paris ; for Heath was no ordinary observer. The term "Commercial Resident " 

 used by Leschenault was the correct title of the official whose work at Salem 

 agreed in part with that of the modern " Collector." According to C. C. Prinsep's 

 " Record of Services of the E. 1. Company's Civil Servants in the Madras Presi- 

 dency from 1 741 to 1858, " we find Chas. Carpenter recorded as Commercial Resi- 

 dent at Salem, where he died on the 4th June 1818 (p. 22), whilst J. M. Heath is 

 described as Deputy Commercial Resident from 18 12 to 1820, when he is recorded 

 as "out of employ," having then resigned the Civil Service for the purpose of 

 undertaking his " venture " in mining. 



16 Corundum is found in several parts of the Salem district as well as in the 

 adjoining district of Coimbatore near the place from which Heath obtained his 

 aqua-marines (Manual of Economic Geol., Ind., 2nd Ed. (Corundum), p. 37). 



17 Fer natif, in the absence of native iron, must mean native-made iron, i.e., 

 the iron made by the native smelters then flourishing in the Salem district. 



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