ARCHAEAN AND PLUTONIC ROCKS. 53 



mile, as in the Papanayakanhalli valley, still further west. The im- 

 mense pressure the trap had been subjected to has here, as in many 

 other places, converted it into schist. 



One of these bands of the schist on the Gadiganur hill is greatly 

 cut up, and in some places completely cut off by numerous veins, large 

 and small, or coarse pink or whitish pegmatite running in all possible 

 directions. The veins coincide in some cases with lines of fault which 

 have given rise to dislocations of the general mass of rocks. 



North-west of the village of Papanayakanhalli, just referred 

 to, the hills consist of handsome banded grey and white (silvery) 

 granite gneiss, 



A very great show of granite is to be seen among the hills which 

 The Hampi or Vijaya- surround and rise among the vast ruins of 

 nagar hills. Vijayanagar, the famous old capital of the 



greatest Hindu dynasty that ruled in the peninsula. 



Except in the fine blocky hill crowned by the Martanda Parva- 

 tum temple, and in some of the very rugged hills near the eastern 

 gate of the old city, the face of the place has been much changed by 

 quarrying away the majority of the detached and fallen blocks which 

 must have originally thickly strewn the slopes of all the hills. Many 

 of the remaining blocks show the incipient attacks made upon them 

 by quarrymen in the shape of lines of wedge holes that were not 

 utilized. 



The vast ruins of temples and palaces which remain show how 

 extensive the quarrying must have been, for almost all the stone used 

 appears to have been raised close by. Exceedingly little foreign 

 stone is to be seen anywhere about the place. 



From a geological, as well as from a scenic point of view, nothing 

 „. , . . in this region can exceed in interest the panorama 



View from the top or ° *• 



Martanda Parvatum hill from the top of the Martanda Parvatum. It gives 

 ' mp e ' a far clearer idea of the geography of the old city 



than any amount of study of the official plan can give. The view of 

 the gorge of the Tungabhadra immediately to the north, and of several 

 fine reaches stretching away both north-east and south-west, is most 



( 53 ) 



