XXX FLORA OP NEW ZEALAND. 



Dammar a is common to New Zealand, the Moluccas, and New Caledonia; Podocarpus is found in 

 many parts of the world from Japan to the Straits of Magellan, from India to Tasmania and South 

 Africa ; but TJiuja is absent from Australia, though found in most countries inhabited by Podocarpus, 

 and in rather high northern latitudes of western North America. Several of the Conifera of New 

 Zealand are alpine, as are others in many parts of the world. The absence of the whole Order in the 

 Atlantic, in the smaller, remote, Antarctic and Pacific Islands, is one of the most curious features in 

 its distribution and in their botany, for Coniferce ascend the loftiest mountains of New Zealand and 

 Tasmania. 



Scrophularinece includes many of the endemic species, thirty-three out of the forty being so. 

 Of these, one of the two Calceolarias is very closely allied to a Chilian species ; these and the Mimuli, 

 a shrubby Veronica, and Ourisia further intimately connect the Flora with that of South America, 

 as do other species of Veronica, Mimulus, Ourisia, and Euphrasia with that of Tasmania. 



The Epacridece all belong to Australian genera, and two are species of that continent and of 

 Tasmania. 



Of Composites upwards of seventy-four are endemic, an enormous proportion, considering how 

 fugitive their seeds are, and that the genera are almost without exception Australian. Araliacece are 

 all peculiar, as are the greater number of Umbelliferce, and all the Myrtacea, with one exception (a 

 New Holland species) , and all but four of the Ranuncidacece. 



A close botanical relationship to other countries may thus be traced in most of the endemic genera 

 and species. The exceptional genera are Ixerba, which belongs to a Madagascar family (Brexiacece) ; 

 Corynocarpus, which I have reduced to Terebinthacece ; Carpodetus, also of disputed affinity, which I 

 place in Escallonice, and which is one of the few extra South American species of that Order, which 

 is considered by some to be a tribe of Saxifragece ; Griselinia and Corokia, which I think both 

 belong to Cornea, and which axe also more nearly allied to some South American plants than 

 to any others; Alseuosmia has no near known affinity; Phormium, which appears "sui generis," is 

 elsewhere found only in Norfolk Island ; Nesodaphne, one of the two genera of Laurinece, is alhed to 

 a South American genus. 



B. Plants common to New Zealand and other Countries. 



The remaining third of the New Zealand Flora may be divided into five groups, for illustrating 

 the relations of the plants to those of other countries, — viz., 



1. 193 species, or nearly one-fourth of the whole, are Australian. 



2. 89 species, or nearly one-eighth of the whole, are South American. 



3. 77 species, or nearly one-tenth of the whole, are common to both the above. 



4. 60 species, or nearly one-twelfth of the whole, are European. 



5. 50 species, or nearly one-sixteenth of the whole, are Antarctic Islands', Fuegian, etc. 



1. Ttwse of Australian affinity. — The decided preponderance of Australian forms is not confined 

 to this huge number of absolutely identical species ; I have shown it to prevail in the genera con- 

 taining peculiar species also. There are no Natural Orders in New Zealand which are not also 

 found in Australia and Tasmania, except Coriarice, Escallonice, Brexiacea, and Chloranthacece. 

 Upwards of 240 of the 282 New Zealand genera are Australian, and of these more than fifty are 

 all but confined to these two countries. New Zealand, however, does not appear wholly as a satel- 

 lite of Australia in all the genera common to both, for of several there are but few species in 



