INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. XXXIU 



It should also be mentioned here, that some very widely diffused European and Australian plants 

 are absent from New Zealand, as Lythrum Salicaria, Alchemilla arvensis, Portvtaca oh-ruri-u, Hydro- 

 cotyle vulgaris, Zajxt uia nodiflora, Verbena officinalis, Prunella vulgaris, Samo/us Valcrandi, Val 

 spiralis, Potamogeton perfoliatus and crispjus, Alisma Plantago, Caulinia oceanica, Juncus maritimu 

 and effusus, Carex ceespitosa, Cladium Mariscus, Isolepis fluitans, Cyperus rotundas, G/yceria fluitans, 

 and Arundo Phragmites. 



5. Antarctic* plants in New Zealand. — Of these Antarctic plants, about 50 inhabit the moun- 

 tains and southern extreme of New Zealand ; a number which (as I have stated at p. 15) Anil 

 probably be greatly increased by future discoveries. They may be geographically grouped as 

 follows: — a. Those of general distribution, being common also to Europe, as Callitriche, Montia, 

 Cardamine hirsuta, Potentilla anserina, Epilobium tetragonum, Myriophyllum, Calystegia Soldanella 

 and C. Sepium, Limosella, many Monochlamydece, and more Monocotyledones. — b. Those found also 

 in Tasmaniaf, and chiefly on its mountains, but not elsewhere; as Oxalis Magellanica, Actena, 

 some Epilobia, Colobanthus, Scleranthus, Tillcea, Apium, Coprosma, Leptinella, Hierochloe autnrc- 

 tica, etc. 



The botanical affinity between extra-tropical South America, the Antarctic islands, New Zea- 

 land, and Tasmania, is, however, much better indicated by the peculiar genera, by groups of those, or 

 by individual species which, as it were, represent one another in two or more of these localities, and 

 which give a peculiar botanical character to the flora of southern latitudes beyond latitude 35°. 



Of these genera, there are 50 which afford botanical characters in common, and give as decided 

 a proof of close affinity in vegetation, as do the 50 identical species above mentioned. The most 

 conspicuous of these genera common to all the above-named localities are, Colobanthus, Drosera, 

 Acmna, Gunnera, Oreomyrrhis, Leptinella, Lagenophora, Forstera, Pratia, Gaulthtria, Gentiana, 

 Euphrasia, Plantago, Drapetes, Fagus, Astelia, Juncus, Carpha, Chcetospora, Oreobolus, Uncinia, 

 Carex, and many Grasses, especially Hierochloe, Alopecurus, Trisetum, Deyeuxia, etc. 



In the following list 228 species are thus contrasted : in most of these cases the parallelism is 

 very striking, but a few are open to future investigation. In sketching out the grand features of 

 so large an area, I must demand some indulgence from those of my readers who may have the oppor- 

 tunity of going into the details of the evidence I here adduce. The subject is one that cannot 

 be fully worked out without far more materials than have hitherto been collected. I could easily 

 have trebled the list were there any object in doing so, by adducing instances of feebler repre- 

 sentation:]: than I have thought it worth while to introduce. When the floras of the mountains of 

 South Chili, New Zealand, Southern Tasmania, the Australian Alps, the Crozets, Prince Edward's 

 Islands, Amsterdam Island, St. Paul's Island, and M'Quarrie Island, shall have been properly ex- 

 plored, the great problem of Representation and Distribution in the South Temperate and Antarctic 

 zone will be solved. 



* For the limitation of the term Antarctic, I must refer to the Introduction to the second part of the ' Flora 

 Antarctica,' p. 210, and shall only mention here that its flora includes that of Fuegia, the Falkland?, with different 

 islands east and south of them, Tristan d'Acunha, St. Paul's, Amsterdam and Kerguelen's Land, Lord Auckland's, 

 Campbell's, and other islands south and east of New Zealand. 



f Tasmania contains some Antarctic genera and species not hitherto found in New Zealand, which will be 

 specially alluded to in the Tasmanian Flora, as Pernettya, JS/icrypliia, etc. 



% I need hardly remark, that in the following list all the instances selected are of Botanical affinity : to the 

 exclusion of cases of mere analogical resemblance between plants that are not botanicallv closelv allied. 



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