conflicting Views of Lake Superior Stratigraphy. 125 



milion Lake and Ogishki Manissi Lake we have an infolded 

 newer series resting upon older series of more crystalline rocks.* 



Break below Lower Marquette Series. — It cannot be denied 

 that the recognition of the break described disposes of some of 

 the evidence which has been cited as proof of the break be- 

 tween the Lower Marquette and Lower Vermilion Series and 

 the underlying complex. 



Over large areas, by overlapping, the Upper Marquette 

 Series of great thickness undoubtedly comes in contact with 

 the Fundamental Complex. So far as local unconformities 

 and basal conglomerates occur between these two, they only 

 prove that the Upper Marquette Series is unconformable above 

 the Fundamental Complex. Those w T ho have held that the 

 granite is later than the Marquette Series, and that the rela- 

 tions between the two are those described by Lawson between 

 the Laurentian and Coutchiching, will undoubtedly gain sup- 

 port to an allied position by this fact, if so shifted as to main- 

 tain these relations between the Laurentian and Lower Mar- 

 quette only. Since we cannot here enter into a discussion 

 which would occupy much space, I can only state that it yet 

 seems to us that there is sufficient evidence for the belief that 

 the Lower Marquette Series rests unconformably upon the 

 Fundamental Complex; while recognizing the fact that much 

 of the granite is intrusive in certain u dioritic schists" which 

 have usually been regarded as belonging to the Iron-Bearing 

 Series. 



The foregoing facts and relations in the Marquette, Ver- 

 milion and Kaministiquia districts once appreciated, it imme- 

 diately occurs to one that here is a key which will harmonize 

 apparently discordant opinions as to Lake Superior strati- 

 graphy. 



delations of Animikie and Vermilion Series. — In the past 

 few years the controversy has been most keen as to the equiv- 

 alence or non-equivalence of the Animikie and Vermilion Lake 

 Iron- Bearing Series. Professor Irving has maintained that the 

 Animikie Series, in its lithological character, is like the Mar- 

 quette, the Marquette like the Vermilion, and therefore the 

 Animikie in all probability the equivalent of both Marquette and 

 Vermilion, f Professor Alexander Winchell having visited 



*Some Results of Archean Studies, Alexander Winchell : Bull. Geol. Soc. of 

 America, vol. i, pp. 357-390; and Discussion, pp. 391-393. 



f Prof. Irving perfectly appreciated that the Animikie Series rests in uncon- 

 formity (On the Classification of the Early Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian Forma- 

 tions, R. D. Irving: U. S. Geol. Survey, 7th Ann Rept., p. 421), upon their im- 

 mediately underlying rocks, but believed that the weight of evidence to incline to 

 the position that the Vermilion Lake iron-bearing series at some distance to the 

 west is an infolded newer series now in apparent conformity with the older con- 

 taining rocks, and that it is these latter which extend eastward and are found 

 underlying the Animikie. 



