22 J. D. Dana — History of the ML Loa Summit Crater. 



The stream flowed northwestward by the northeast foot of 

 Hualalai and reached the sea on the 31st of January at Wai- 

 nanalii, a dozen miles south of Kawaihae, a distance in all of 

 33 miles in eight days. The chief source was probably about 

 10,500 feet above the sea level. Above this point for four 

 miles, a fissure, two inches to two feet wide, descends the 

 mountain from which some lavas escaped. Several cinder 

 cones stand along the line of fissures, and two of them near 

 its extremity. Half a mile farther down the outflow began. 



The lavas, u white hot" as they escaped, were thrown at once 

 into a fountain, as at the 1852 eruption, the height of which, 

 according to Mr. Yaudrey, who happened to be on the moun- 

 tain at the outbreak, was 300 or 400 feet. 



On the 9th day of February, the issuing lavas were " at a 

 white heat and apparently as liquid as water." The report 

 says that the stream below dashed along in cataracts and rapids 

 at such a rate that " the eye could scarcely follow it." For 

 eight to ten miles there was a succession of cascades and 

 rapids, some of them a consequence of obstructions met on the 

 way and others due to the obstructions which the stream made. 

 The lava flowed more gracefully than water and with great 

 velocity, following the surface beneath, rising as it rose, and 

 turning abruptly, with the outside of the stream higher than 

 the inside, the mobility being perfect. 



Both pahoehoe and aa were formed. The aa portions are 

 described by Prof. Haskell as produced by deep lava streams ; 

 streams flowing sluggishly where the slopes are small ; which 

 become dammed up in front by the cooling, by the breaking 

 up of the cooled barrier and crust, and by the rolling over and 

 over of the stream. Often at the end of the aa stream no liquid 

 lava can be seen, and the only motion is the rolling of the 

 jagged rocks of all sizes down the front of the embankment. 

 Sometimes it breaks through the embankment, and flows on 

 " carrying jagged rocks of all sizes on its back, which look like 

 hills walking ;" then it gets clogged again, with finally a 

 repetition of the process of breaking up and piling. 



The stream after reaching the seashore continued flowing 

 into the sea till after the 25th of November. The surface of 

 the stream was of black hardened lavas ; but at the sea-border,, 

 the liquid lavas ran out at a red heat, having flowed under 

 cover, Prof. Haskell states, for at least 25 miles, if not from 

 the source. 



According to Mr. W. L. Green the column of vapor that 

 rose from the orifice or crater, along side of which his tent 

 was pitched, was 500 feet wide and 10,000 feet high. He says, 

 " From the whole interior of the crater rose the great illumi- 

 nated column of smoke perpendicularly, and then at a great 



