C. IT. Merriam — Fauna of Great Smoky Mountains, 459 



On the higher summits Mr. Brewster found breeding in abund- 

 ance such northern birds as the Winter Wren, Golden-crested 

 Kinglet, Red-bellied Nuthatch, Junco, Solitary Vireo, Olive- 

 sided Flycatcher, Red Crossbill, Pine Linnet, Black-throated 

 Blue Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Canada Flycatehing 

 Warbler, and several others. He found the region separable 

 into the Canadian, Alleghanian, and Carolinian Faunae, con- 

 cerning which he says : " The boundaries of these divisions are 

 determined chiefly by elevation, the Canadian occupying the 

 tops and upper slopes of the higher mountains down to about 

 4500 feet, the Alleghanian, the mountain sides, higher valleys, 

 and plateaus between 4500 and 2500 feet, and the Carolinian 

 everything below the altitude last named." 



Two of the Canadian birds l namely the Judco and the Blue- 

 headed Yireo, were found to be distinguishable from their 

 northern representatives, and hence were subspecifically separa- 

 ted under the names Junco hyemalis Carolinensis and vireo 

 solitarius alticola, respectively. 



During the summer of 1887 it was my good fortune to visit 

 this very interesting region, in company with Mr. Henry Gan- 

 nett, Chief Geographer of the U. S. Geological Survey. By 

 Mr. Gannett's kindness I was enabled to accompany him dur- 

 ing a buckboard drive of several hundred miles through the 

 Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. 

 Although we entered the mountains in the last week .of July, 

 migration had already begun, and it was impossible in most 

 cases to discriminate between the resident and migrant birds. 

 In the case of the Junco, however, young were found in all 

 stages of development from the newly hatched nestling to the 

 fully adult bird ; and the important fact was ascertained that 

 the local form inhabiting these mountains is specifically distinct 

 from its northern congener. Hendfe it must stand as Junco 

 Carolinensis Brewster. 



Of mammals, the Black Bear, Wolf, Deer, Wild Cat, both 

 Red and Gray Foxes, Raccoon, Opossum, and Gray Squirrel 

 still occur in greater or less abundance according to the locality 

 and altitude. The Panther, Porcupine, Pekan, and Varying 

 Hare are unknown. The Chipmunk (Tamias siriatus) and 

 Woodchuck or Ground Hog (Arctomys monax) were common 

 in places in the Alleghanian belt, about half way up the moun- 

 tains ; and the Gray Rabbit {Lepus sylvaticus), Red Squirrel 

 {Soiurus Iludsonius), and a Red-backed Mouse (.Evotomys), 

 were common on the higher summits. The latter genus is cir- 

 cumpolar in distribution and has not been previously recorded 

 from any locality south of Massachusetts The present repre- 

 sentative of the genus is about double the size of the Canadian 

 Evotomys Gapperi, and proves to be distinct from any previous- 

 ly described species. It may be characterized as follows : 



