20 F. Leverett—Oorrelation of New York Moraines, ete. 
there is, in southwestern Orleans county, a peculiar system of 
gravelly ridges and knolls. The ridges vary in type, some 
being low like bars or beaches of a lake and presenting much 
the appearance of lake strands. Others are 40-50 feet or more 
in height and resemble eskers. ‘The smaller ridges have a 
tendency to east to west trend and are best developed along 
the watershed north of Oak Orchard creek. With a few 
exceptions the esker-like ridges have, like the drumlins, a N.E. 
-S.W. trend, probably conforming nearly to the line of ice- 
movement. Besides the ridges there are clusters of sharp 
gravelly knolls of kame-like type 380-40, and occasionally 60— 
75 feet, in height. They are usually strewn more thickly with 
bowlders than the bordering district, a feature which, taken in 
connection with their topography, strongly supports the view 
that they are morainic. The diversified features, combining 
those of lake ridges with ridges of glacial type, lead us to 
anticipate that they will throw much hght upon the method of 
departure of the ice-sheet, but as yet their significance is not 
clear. | 
The Lake Outlets ——My former paper discusses the outlets at 
the time of the higher stages of the lake which occupied the 
Lake Erie basin. The evidence is clear that during the forma- 
tion of the upper two beaches an outlet was found to the 
Wabash past Ft. Wayne, Indiana. At the time the third or 
Belmore beach was formed (and its probable continuation, the 
Sheridan beach) this outlet had been abandoned. It is thought 
that the ice-sheet had retreated so far from the Huron and 
Michigan basins as to open a lower outlet through these basins 
than that past Ft. Wayne. It seems improbable that an east- 
ward outlet was then open, for the district south of Lake 
Ontario was apparently still occupied by the ice-sheet. It is 
evident that no outlet to the east could have existed until the 
ice-sheet had withdrawn from the Lockport moraine sufficiently 
for a passage eastward along its southern margin. If my inter- 
pretations are correct the Crittenden beach had been for a long 
time occupied by the lake before an eastward outlet was 
opened, a time sufficient, not only for the Lockport moraine, 
but for several other slightly older minor moraines to be 
formed. During that time the lake, in all probability, dis- 
charged westward through the Huron and Michigan basins 
past Chicago. When the gates to the eastward were opened 
by the withdrawal of the ice-sheet there was probably a brief 
period in which the lake discharged through the Seneca valley 
into the Susquehanna. But soon the lower outlet by the 
Mohawk was opened and the lake fell rapidly to that level, 
leaving but feeble traces of beach or wave action in its inter- 
mediate stages. ; 
Denmark, Iowa, March, 1895. 
