16— F.. Leverett—Oorrelation of New York 
may be seen by reference to the accompanying map. The 
name Lockport seems a fitting one to apply to the moraine 
since it is well developed immediately northeast from the city. 
Being crossed there by the Niagara Falls Division of the New 
York Central railway, it may be seen to good advantage by 
travelers. 
The phases of topography which this moraine presents are 
more varied than is common in the moraines of that region. 
For a few miles south from the present shore of Lake Ontario 
it was washed by the waves which formed the Iroquois beach, 
a raised beach of Lake Ontario standing some 400 feet lower 
than the Crittenden beach.* Only a few low swells remain, 
but the position of the ice margin is readily traced by bowlders 
which appear in great profusion. They occupy a belt at least 
two miles in width along which, on nearly every farm from 
the present shore of Lake Ontario to the Iroquois shore (a dis- 
tance of eight or nine miles), they are heaped in great piles in 
the fields and built into wall fences. Though not rare on the 
bordering districts there is a very appreciable diminution in 
number so that the main line of deposition is easily traced. 
South from the [roquois shore line the moraine soon rises to 
the brow of the limestone escarpment on which Lockport 
stands, the rise being about 200 feet. It consists of a series of 
knolls and basins which are plastered against the abrupt face of 
the escarpment, giving an effect strikingly in contrast with the 
smooth face presented by the escarpment west from Lockport. 
Between the brow of the Niagara escarpment and the Tone- 
wanda swamp (in northwestern Genesee county) the moraine 
consists of ridges of till forming a somewhat complex system 
but one in which the individual ridges harmonize rudely in 
trend with the general trend of the belt (W.N.W.—E.S.E.). A 
few conical or slightly elliptical knolls are associated with these 
ridges. They are not closely aggregated but are separated 
usually by nearly plane tracts of considerable extent. The 
height of the knolls and ridges seldom reaches 40 feet and is 
more comnionly but 20-25 feet; this low elevation, however, 
on the flat tract which they traverse makes them a conspicuous 
feature. 
At the Tonewanda swamp the moraine is interrupted for 
about two miles by a very level tract. On the east border of 
this swamp it reappears in the form of a stott till ridge 80-50 
feet high with well defined crest which traverses the central 
portion of Alabama township, Genesee county, and has con- 
*See “ History of the Niagara River,” G. K. Gilbert, Sixth Annual Report of 
Commissioners for Niagara Reservation, 1889, pp. 67-70, and Plate II, opposite 
p. 68. Also J. W. Spencer, “Deformation of Iroquois Beach and birth of Lake 
Ontario.” This Journal, vol. xl, 1890, pp. 443-451. 
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