Moraines with Raised Beaches of Lake Erie. 15 
the breaking off of icebergs, have extended farther on the 
shore than in the midst of the lake. With a very deep lake it 
might perhaps be possible for the ice on the shore to stand at 
Alden while that in the lake held the position of the Lockport 
moraine. But in the case in hand the water was very shallow 
for several miles from the shore and nowhere south from the 
Niagara escarpment (the district under consideration) did it 
much exceed 250 feet. 1, therefore, consider it improbable 
that the Lockport moraine is to be correlated with the Alden 
till ridge. It seems more probable that the ice sheet, at the 
time the Alden ridge was formed, covered the old lake bottom 
at least as far south as a line from Alden west to Buffalo. 
The morainic ridges between the Alden ridge and the Lock- 
port moraine which connect somewhat closely with the eastern 
end of the well defined portion of the Crittenden beach are 
very bulky, their altitude being seldom less than 50 feet and 
in some places 60-75 feet above the beach. ‘They show a 
decided east to west trend, a feature which apparently indi- 
cates a thrust from the north. Their trend is widely divergent 
from that of the Lockport moraine though they become closely 
associated with that moraine at the eastern end. The appear- 
ance is that of a pivotal recession of the ice front, the pivot 
or stationary part being just west of Batavia where the 
moraines are coalesced. A reference to the accompanying 
map will make this apparent. It will be observed that this 
pivotal portion hes nearly north from the interlobate moraine 
which connects the loops bordering the “ Finger Lakes” with 
thuse farther west. The ice appears to have lingered in the 
northern portion of the “Finger Lake” region until it had 
entirely withdrawn from the Lake Erie basin, the closing stage 
of this withdrawal being indicated by the ridges under dis- 
cussion. When the ice had retreated to the Lockport moraine 
it still extended to the north part of the “Finger Lake” 
region but had no extension into the Lake Erie basin. 
The drift ridges between the Lockport and Alden moraines 
contain much more assorted material for a mile or so at their 
western ends than farther east, a feature which is perhaps due 
to the rapid escape of water from the ice-sheet into the border- 
ing lake. The western ends are also capped in places by sand. 
The date and method of deposition of this sand were not 
worked out. It may be either a postglacial wind drift from 
the plain on the west, or a deposit connected in some way with 
the melting of the ice and escape of its waters. 
The Lockport moraine is the principal moraini¢ line thought 
to be a correlative of the Crittenden beach. Its distribution 
from Batavia to Lockport has already been indicated and its 
further distribution and the relations to the Crittenden beach 
